Legal Remedies for Lost Cargo When the term “lost cargo” is used, it generally refers to a shipment that, after being handed over to the carrier, disappears or is not available for delivery to the consignee by the expected time. Loss may arise from theft, misdelivery, documentary errors, customs detention, or disappearance during transit. Despite...Read More
A Legal Review of Cargo Theft During Transit Cargo theft during transit is a serious supply chain risk with wide-ranging legal, financial, and operational consequences. It may occur in different forms, from targeted theft at the loading point or during transit, to theft during discharge or storage. The importance of legal review in this area...Read More
The Captain’s Liability in Maritime Incidents The captain is the legal representative of the vessel’s owner or operator at sea and holds the authority and responsibility to make operational, safety, and managerial decisions. This authority covers navigation leadership, crew management, implementation of safety procedures, and decision-making in emergencies. The captain’s role is both legal and...Read More
Legal Consequences of Incorrect Product Labeling Product labeling is more than a marketing requirement. It is the primary tool for informing consumers and a legal foundation for many of the sellers’ and manufacturers’ obligations. Label information commonly includes product specifications, ingredients, manufacturing and expiry dates, directions for use, safety warnings, and trade-related details such as...Read More
Regulations Governing the Maritime Carriage of Dangerous Goods The maritime carriage of dangerous goods involves substantial risks due to the hazardous nature of the cargo, with potentially severe consequences for human life, the environment, and financial interests. Laws and regulations are established to reduce these risks, prevent incidents such as fires, explosions, and leaks of...Read More
The Role of a Transport Broker in International Contracts A transport broker serves as a specialized intermediary between the cargo owner, shipper, consignee, and transportation companies. Drawing on technical knowledge and market experience, the broker coordinates transport operations, advises on route and carrier selection, and represents the client in contractual negotiations. In international contracts, the...Read More
Legal Issues Arising from Vessel Delays at Port A vessel delay at port occurs when a ship is unable to complete loading or discharge within the scheduled time. Such delays may range from a few hours to several days or even weeks. From a legal perspective, this is not merely an operational inconvenience. A delay...Read More
The Difference Between Freight Forwarders and Carriers in Transport Law A freight forwarder is an intermediary and facilitator of transportation. It is an individual or a company that plans and coordinates the route, selects the appropriate carrier, and arranges the timing and conditions of carriage on behalf of the cargo owner. The freight forwarder manages...Read More
Handling Transportation Disputes in International Arbitration International arbitration is one of the most important and efficient methods of dispute resolution in international transportation. Due to the cross-border nature of transportation contracts, disputes often arise between parties from different jurisdictions with distinct legal systems. In such circumstances, recourse to national courts may be costly, time-consuming, and...Read More
Invalidation of Commercial Contracts In the Iranian legal system, the invalidation of commercial contracts is recognized as a key mechanism for safeguarding public order and protecting individual rights. Commercial contracts are typically concluded between economic actors, companies, and natural or legal persons. Their subject matter often involves the circulation of capital, the exchange of goods...Read More
