What Is a Trusteeship Order? Under the Constitution of Iran, an endowment is a legal instrument by which property is removed from private ownership and dedicated to charitable purposes or to the service of God. A trustee carries out the administration of endowed property. In practice, proper administration of an endowment requires that the trustee...Read More

What Is Opposition to a Default Judgment and How Is It Filed? Opposition to a default judgment is one of the legal methods available for challenging court decisions and applies specifically to judgments rendered in the absence of one party. As a general principle in judicial proceedings, both parties to a dispute are expected to...Read More

What Is Moharebeh? One of the crimes stipulated in the Islamic Penal Code that pertains to public security and social order is Moharebeh. Due to its nature, including the creation of fear and terror and the disruption of public safety, the public and social dimensions of this crime are significantly more prominent than its individual...Read More

The Legal Nature of the Bill of Lading From a legal perspective, a bill of lading has several distinct dimensions: It serves as strong evidence of the existence of a contract of carriage, though not of the content of that contract, since the contract is usually concluded before the bill of lading is issued. It...Read More

Liquidated Damages in Contracts Today, many individuals and entities conduct their activities through contractual arrangements. One of the fundamental requirements for entering into any contract is adherence to its terms and the proper performance of contractual obligations. The importance of complying with contracts is such that specific provisions have been allocated to this subject within...Read More

The Concept of Laytime in Transportation and Its Difference from Laydays One of the most important methods of cargo transportation worldwide is maritime transport, which involves numerous practical and technical concepts. Laytime and laydays are among the most significant terms used in commercial shipping. These two terms are often mistakenly used interchangeably. Preventing such confusion...Read More

The Importance of Determining the Nationality of Legal Entities For a foreign company to be officially recognized and permitted to conduct commercial activities in Iran, two essential conditions must be met. First, the company must be legally recognized in its country of origin. Second, it must be registered with the Companies Registration Office and the...Read More

Methods and Conditions for Partition of Jointly Owned Property Lack of precise knowledge of certain legal terms used in property and registration laws may result in significant legal consequences. Some of these legal terms are simple, while others contain numerous provisions and require closer examination. One such term is the partition deed. A partition deed...Read More

Cross Stuffing in Maritime Transportation The most common mode of transport for a country’s imports and exports is maritime transport. Various methods are used for transferring goods onto vessels in maritime transport. One of these methods is known as cross-stuffing.Read More

Regulations on Leaving the Country Without a Military Service Completion Card Leaving the country requires fulfillment of certain conditions, including obtaining a passport. Issuance of a passport, in turn, requires presentation of a military service completion certificate. Therefore, individuals who do not possess a military service completion card and intend to leave the country must...Read More