Legal Considerations and Key Points in Drafting a Joint Venture Agreement in Iran One of the most widely used international contracts is the joint venture agreement, also referred to as a joint investment agreement. Under this type of contract, the parties undertake to carry out a specific activity jointly and share the resulting profits and...Read More

Customs Taxes and Their Types In general, governments impose and collect customs duties on the import of goods from foreign countries. Customs taxes and duties take various forms, and their rates are set by the government. A tariff refers to the tax or duty imposed on goods traded between different countries or regions and serves...Read More

Master Bill of Lading and Its Use in International Transportation A bill of lading is one of the most essential documents used across various modes of transportation. Under governmental regulations, transportation is generally not permitted without a bill of lading. By recording key shipment details, this document clarifies the legal and operational aspects of transport.Read More

Introduction to the Legal Environment in Sports The legal environment in sports encompasses the factors that shape the regulation and establishment of lawful relations within sports communities. Such factors include sports rules and regulations, directives, circulars, and sports bylaws, as well as domestic competent institutions and authorities responsible for supervising and adjudicating violations and activities....Read More

Bribery Under the Islamic Penal Code of Iran The practice of giving and receiving bribes has historically been used by individuals seeking unlawful advantages. Within administrative systems, some individuals resort to bribery to remove obstacles or expedite administrative procedures. Both bribery and the acceptance of bribes are contrary to law and public order and constitute...Read More

Legal Analysis of Guarantees Commercial instruments in commercial law represent claims or ownership of goods and are subject to relatively simple formal requirements. These instruments include bills of exchange, promissory notes, cheques, official warehouse receipts, shares, and bonds. As observed, the embodiment of a claim in an instrument provides transferability, enhanced security for the holder,...Read More

Choosing Among Open Registry Systems When a shipowner decides to register a vessel under an international registry rather than under the flag of the owner’s legal residence, place of business, or other factors based on a genuine link, the owner is faced with the issue of choosing among a large number of open registry systems...Read More

Review of Binding Precedents and Doctrinal Opinions on Criminal Retrial The term retrial literally means recommencement, repetition, or renewal, while adjudication refers to judicial examination and trial. A criminal retrial is the renewed examination of a criminal case that has already resulted in a final judgment. This procedure is initiated on one or more legally...Read More

Types of Contractual Conditions A condition refers to a commitment or obligation. In legal terms, a condition is a subsidiary obligation incorporated into a principal obligation, namely the contract. It represents a mutual undertaking by which the parties bind themselves to perform or refrain from a specific act within the contract.Read More

Mudarabah Financing Facilities In its literal meaning, Mudarabah refers to trading with another person’s capital. In legal and Islamic jurisprudence, Mudarabah is a contract in which one party provides capital to another for trade and, in return, receives a specified share of the profit, such as one-half or one-third. In other words, Mudarabah is a...Read More