Commercial Card Traders who are active in the economy and whose activities extend beyond Iran are required to obtain membership in the Chamber of Commerce to conduct their commercial affairs. While all such individuals are members of the Chamber, those who engage in import and export activities must obtain a Commercial Card. The authority responsible...Read More

What Is Provisional Attachment of Claim? Every individual has the right to initiate legal proceedings in order to assert their rights. Filing a lawsuit before the courts requires the submission of a formal petition to the competent court. One part of the petition is devoted to the claim. The claim refers to the relief the...Read More

Commercial and Customs Terminology and Its Importance There are numerous terms used in commercial and customs affairs. Familiarity with these terms is essential for traders and individuals active in this field. These terms are widely used in daily communications between individuals and administrative authorities, and a lack of familiarity with them may lead to misunderstandings...Read More

Persons Disqualified and Prohibited from Appointment as Arbitrators Numerous definitions of arbitration have been provided, all conveying essentially the same meaning with minor variations. A comprehensive definition may be stated as follows. Arbitration is an agreement by which the parties, either by mutual consent or by operation of law in cases of compulsory arbitration, submit...Read More

Types of Contracts Related to Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce enables access to internet based networks. As a result, the technical presence of both the supplier and the buyer on such networks is unavoidable. For this purpose, the supplier must enter into a hosting or server placement agreement unless this function is undertaken internally. Similarly, the...Read More

Introduction to the Invoice Document and Its Application in Transportation In international transportation and trade, various documents are collectively referred to as transport documents. These documents provide detailed information on goods and shipments and are among the most important in foreign trade transactions. They function as the identity record of goods. One of the most...Read More

Economic Sanctions from the Perspective of International Law The term sanction refers to the systematic refusal by a state or group of states to establish social, economic, political, or military relations with another state, for the purpose of punishment or to induce acceptable behavior. Sanctions may be comprehensive, covering all goods and services, or limited...Read More

Purchase of Inherited Property A property that is transferred to heirs after the death of its owner is referred to as an inherited property. The purchase, sale, and transactions relating to such properties are subject to specific legal rules and procedures. For this reason, it is strongly recommended that purchasers exercise due diligence and consider...Read More

Commercial Goodwill in Virtual Stores While the concept of commercial goodwill in traditional business premises is well established, the leasing of digital business space, namely the electronic address of virtual stores, and the goodwill associated with it are relatively new subjects. The possibility of such leasing and the comparison of the economic value of a...Read More

Maritime Shipping and Sea Transportation Today, a significant portion of successful international trade is conducted via maritime shipping and related services. One of the most important factors in determining the mode of transportation is a country’s geographical conditions. Maritime transportation is the world’s largest industry and employs approximately 2.5 million people. This industry has a...Read More