Change or Correction of Name in the Birth Certificate One of the most fundamental responsibilities of parents is choosing an appropriate and meaningful name for their child. If an individual is dissatisfied with their given name upon reaching the legal age of majority, they may request a name change by persuading a competent judge. Pursuant...Read More

Examination of the Crime of Plagiarism and Its Punishment The creation of literary works is of significant importance due to the effort and labor invested by the creator and therefore requires specific legal protection. In the absence of protective legislation, opportunistic and profit-seeking individuals may unlawfully use created works and register them under their own...Read More

What Is Marine Cargo Insurance? In the past, certain companies insured maritime vessels to mitigate risks such as fires at sea, piracy, and similar hazards to prevent serious losses. Today, marine cargo insurance provides coverage for a wide range of unforeseen risks and damages. Under such insurance, the insurer undertakes to compensate for covered losses...Read More

Electronic Sales Contract The primary form of agreement governing the relationship between a trader and a consumer is the sales contract. Article 14 of the French Law on Confidence in the Digital Economy of 2004 addresses distance selling, a concept long recognized. Examples include mail order sales, television shopping, telephone purchases, and purchases made through...Read More

Circumstances Leading to the Discharge of a Guarantor Upon the conclusion of a guarantee contract, the guarantor becomes liable to the creditor, and this liability serves as security for the creditor. However, the guarantor may be released from this responsibility for various reasons. Any circumstances that result in the extinction of the principal debtor’s obligation...Read More

Debt Securities in the Recovery of Claims Based on Documents and Contracts A creditor, in seeking to recover a claim, is exposed to the risk that the debtor may fail to make payment or may become insolvent. In certain cases, the debtor may engage in genuine or simulated transactions or act with the intent to...Read More

The Concept of a Shipping Order and an Overview of Its Main Stages Today, more than 80 percent of goods transportation is carried out by sea. Maritime transport encompasses a wide range of concepts and practical considerations, and familiarity with them is essential. One of the key concepts in maritime shipping is the shipping order....Read More

International Treaties Under the customary definition, a treaty is an agreement concluded between two or more subjects of international law, intended to create legal effects, and governed by international law. Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties dated 23 May 1969, a treaty is defined as an...Read More

Legal Issues Faced by Startups Startups are projects in which a group’s collective effort transforms a preliminary idea into a product and prepares it for market entry. In practice, startups progress through all stages of development by relying on trial and error while applying fundamental principles and basic frameworks. Starting a startup involves numerous legal...Read More

Liabilities Arising from Maritime Collisions Following the occurrence of a maritime collision between two vessels, the competent maritime court may be confronted with one of the following situations and issue decisions accordingly: One of the two vessels is declared at fault. Both vessels are found to be at fault to a certain extent, and as...Read More