The Four Freedoms of the High Seas The Convention on the High Seas, adopted at the Geneva Conference in April 1958, defined the positive aspect of the freedom of the seas by recognizing four fundamental freedoms, as follows: Freedom of navigation. Freedom of fishing. Freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines. Freedom of overflight above...Read More

Obtaining a Building Permit One of the most important steps before undertaking any construction activity is obtaining official authorization from the competent authorities, in the form of a building permit. This permit confirms the legality of construction operations. In the absence of such authorization, any construction activity is considered unlawful.Read More

Multipurpose Vessels and Their Types and Applications in Maritime Transport Today, the increasing specialization of commercial sectors has led to the construction of a wide range of vessels, each designed to transport specific categories of cargo. Nevertheless, general cargo vessels have remained important and are commonly referred to as multipurpose vessels.Read More

Types of Bank Guarantees This article provides an overview of the main types of bank guarantees. Under Iranian banking practice, requests to extend the validity period of a bank guarantee are generally accepted.Read More

The Exclusive Economic Zone and the Legal Regime Governing It The third maritime zone of a coastal State is known as the Exclusive Economic Zone. Prior to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the concept of the Exclusive Economic Zone did not formally exist. Instead, State practice primarily referred to...Read More

Intellectual Property and Its Importance Today, intellectual property rights are regarded as one of the most fundamental tools for economic growth and as a key pillar of modern economic policy. They are considered among the most valuable assets in commercial transactions and trade relations. Focusing on the creation and preservation of creative and knowledge-based assets,...Read More

Dumping in the International Trade Market Individuals interested in international trade discussions have likely encountered the term “dumping,” which refers to unfair or predatory competition. Dumping is, in principle, a lawful commercial practice, and its economic effects may be either beneficial or harmful depending on the position of the party involved in the transaction.Read More

What Is a Trusteeship Order? Under the Constitution of Iran, an endowment is a legal instrument by which property is removed from private ownership and dedicated to charitable purposes or to the service of God. A trustee carries out the administration of endowed property. In practice, proper administration of an endowment requires that the trustee...Read More

What Is Opposition to a Default Judgment and How Is It Filed? Opposition to a default judgment is one of the legal methods available for challenging court decisions and applies specifically to judgments rendered in the absence of one party. As a general principle in judicial proceedings, both parties to a dispute are expected to...Read More

What Is Moharebeh? One of the crimes stipulated in the Islamic Penal Code that pertains to public security and social order is Moharebeh. Due to its nature, including the creation of fear and terror and the disruption of public safety, the public and social dimensions of this crime are significantly more prominent than its individual...Read More