Types of Ships A ship refers to any seagoing and navigable vessel that operates under its own propulsion system and is used for the transportation of goods, passengers, or both in international trade.Read More

Commission Agency under the Commercial Code As the term suggests, commission refers to a right or fee received in return for performing a task. Commission is also commonly referred to as a service fee or remuneration and, in commercial practice, represents the amount received from the owner of goods for the sale of such goods....Read More

Seizure of Assets of the Judgment Debtor Among matters concerning property and assets, individuals are frequently confronted with issues arising from unpaid debts or damage. In practice, a person may be entitled to receive a sum of money that should have been paid to them and, as a result, may initiate legal proceedings against the...Read More

Review of the Fiscal Year in a Holding Company The calculation of the fiscal year for companies governed by the Commercial Code is conducted as follows: A fiscal year refers to a twelve-month business period. For natural persons, the fiscal year must correspond to the Iranian solar calendar year. For legal entities, the fiscal year...Read More

Types of Bonds Today, many individuals are unable to afford essential assets such as vehicles or real estate and therefore require loans. Likewise, businesses need financing to expand their operations or generate profits. The financing required by businesses is often beyond the capacity of banks. In such circumstances, companies rely on alternative methods to secure...Read More

Ship Collision In maritime law, ship collision is generally defined as the impact of two vessels with one another, the impact of one vessel with the appurtenances of another vessel, or a severe impact of a vessel with quay walls, piers, columns, or bridges. In a broader sense, collision refers to any impact between two...Read More

Sports Law and Sports Ethics Ethics consists of a set of rules that are necessary for achieving moral and human perfection. Ethics functions as an individual code of conduct, and its enforcement is supported primarily by moral conscience, ethical character, and, in some cases, the fear of social reaction. In contrast, legal rules rely on...Read More

Maritime Liens Maritime liens are the legal concepts denoted by the terms Maritime Lien and Droits Privilégiés, which are used, respectively, in the maritime law systems of Anglo-Saxon countries and in France, as well as in countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland whose maritime law is derived from French maritime law. In codified legal systems, privileged rights are...Read More

Prevention of Payment Under a Bank Guarantee When the beneficiary submits a demand for payment under an unconditional bank guarantee, the bank is, in principle, obliged to pay the guaranteed amount immediately. The bank is not entitled to request explanations or justifications from the beneficiary, nor may it examine the manner of performance or possible...Read More

Criminalization of Various Forms of Harassment Against Women One of the recurring factors undermining public security and social tranquility is the occurrence of socially inappropriate and abnormal conduct. For this reason, the law has prescribed criminal sanctions for certain forms of conduct to prevent their repetition in society. Harassment of women constitutes one of these...Read More