Introduction to the Legal Environment in Sports The legal environment in sports encompasses the factors that shape the regulation and establishment of lawful relations within sports communities. Such factors include sports rules and regulations, directives, circulars, and sports bylaws, as well as domestic competent institutions and authorities responsible for supervising and adjudicating violations and activities....Read More

Bribery Under the Islamic Penal Code of Iran The practice of giving and receiving bribes has historically been used by individuals seeking unlawful advantages. Within administrative systems, some individuals resort to bribery to remove obstacles or expedite administrative procedures. Both bribery and the acceptance of bribes are contrary to law and public order and constitute...Read More

Legal Analysis of Guarantees Commercial instruments in commercial law represent claims or ownership of goods and are subject to relatively simple formal requirements. These instruments include bills of exchange, promissory notes, cheques, official warehouse receipts, shares, and bonds. As observed, the embodiment of a claim in an instrument provides transferability, enhanced security for the holder,...Read More

Choosing Among Open Registry Systems When a shipowner decides to register a vessel under an international registry rather than under the flag of the owner’s legal residence, place of business, or other factors based on a genuine link, the owner is faced with the issue of choosing among a large number of open registry systems...Read More

Review of Binding Precedents and Doctrinal Opinions on Criminal Retrial The term retrial literally means recommencement, repetition, or renewal, while adjudication refers to judicial examination and trial. A criminal retrial is the renewed examination of a criminal case that has already resulted in a final judgment. This procedure is initiated on one or more legally...Read More

Types of Contractual Conditions A condition refers to a commitment or obligation. In legal terms, a condition is a subsidiary obligation incorporated into a principal obligation, namely the contract. It represents a mutual undertaking by which the parties bind themselves to perform or refrain from a specific act within the contract.Read More

Mudarabah Financing Facilities In its literal meaning, Mudarabah refers to trading with another person’s capital. In legal and Islamic jurisprudence, Mudarabah is a contract in which one party provides capital to another for trade and, in return, receives a specified share of the profit, such as one-half or one-third. In other words, Mudarabah is a...Read More

Holding Companies Organizations are formed in various fields, including politics, social initiatives, political parties, and non-governmental organizations, each established to pursue specific objectives. Economic and commercial participation, however, is primarily defined in terms of companies and other corporate entities. Companies represent structured systems of interaction designed to achieve commercial and economic interests, and organizational relationships...Read More

Action for Judicial Confirmation of Contract Termination Due to Breach of Condition Option Termination of a contract is one of the matters that frequently gives rise to disputes between parties and may lead to litigation. A contract is an essential legal instrument in transactions, particularly in real estate dealings, as it formalizes the terms of...Read More

What Is a Court Judgment? With the increasing number of judicial cases, many individuals become involved in legal proceedings and encounter unfamiliar legal terms. One such term is a court judgment. Court judgments are generally issued after judicial examination of a case has been completed.Read More