The Legal Nature of the Bill of Lading From a legal perspective, a bill of lading has several distinct dimensions: It serves as strong evidence of the existence of a contract of carriage, though not of the content of that contract, since the contract is usually concluded before the bill of lading is issued. It...Read More

Liquidated Damages in Contracts Today, many individuals and entities conduct their activities through contractual arrangements. One of the fundamental requirements for entering into any contract is adherence to its terms and the proper performance of contractual obligations. The importance of complying with contracts is such that specific provisions have been allocated to this subject within...Read More

The Concept of Laytime in Transportation and Its Difference from Laydays One of the most important methods of cargo transportation worldwide is maritime transport, which involves numerous practical and technical concepts. Laytime and laydays are among the most significant terms used in commercial shipping. These two terms are often mistakenly used interchangeably. Preventing such confusion...Read More

The Importance of Determining the Nationality of Legal Entities For a foreign company to be officially recognized and permitted to conduct commercial activities in Iran, two essential conditions must be met. First, the company must be legally recognized in its country of origin. Second, it must be registered with the Companies Registration Office and the...Read More

Methods and Conditions for Partition of Jointly Owned Property Lack of precise knowledge of certain legal terms used in property and registration laws may result in significant legal consequences. Some of these legal terms are simple, while others contain numerous provisions and require closer examination. One such term is the partition deed. A partition deed...Read More

Cross Stuffing in Maritime Transportation The most common mode of transport for a country’s imports and exports is maritime transport. Various methods are used for transferring goods onto vessels in maritime transport. One of these methods is known as cross-stuffing.Read More

Regulations on Leaving the Country Without a Military Service Completion Card Leaving the country requires fulfillment of certain conditions, including obtaining a passport. Issuance of a passport, in turn, requires presentation of a military service completion certificate. Therefore, individuals who do not possess a military service completion card and intend to leave the country must...Read More

Methods of Objecting to Court Judgments Although, under the law, court judgments are presumed to be just and issued in compliance with legal and religious standards, litigants have the right to object to judgments rendered by courts. This is because there is always a possibility that an error exists in a judgment or that new...Read More

Registration law property deeds legal documents Although the history of document and property registration dates back approximately 4,000 years, the adoption of the first law on document registration in Iran dates to 1290 in the Solar Hijri calendar. The first Law on Registration of Documents and Property dates to 1302, followed by the Registration Law...Read More

International Air Law One branch of legal science is dedicated to air law, which examines regulations governing the use of airspace, the movement of aircraft, and the legal and commercial relations arising from such activities. With advances in aviation technology and the ongoing development of aircraft, relevant legal rules have also been revised and amended....Read More