Methods of Objecting to Court Judgments Although, under the law, court judgments are presumed to be just and issued in compliance with legal and religious standards, litigants have the right to object to judgments rendered by courts. This is because there is always a possibility that an error exists in a judgment or that new...Read More

Registration law property deeds legal documents Although the history of document and property registration dates back approximately 4,000 years, the adoption of the first law on document registration in Iran dates to 1290 in the Solar Hijri calendar. The first Law on Registration of Documents and Property dates to 1302, followed by the Registration Law...Read More

International Air Law One branch of legal science is dedicated to air law, which examines regulations governing the use of airspace, the movement of aircraft, and the legal and commercial relations arising from such activities. With advances in aviation technology and the ongoing development of aircraft, relevant legal rules have also been revised and amended....Read More

Commercial Card Traders who are active in the economy and whose activities extend beyond Iran are required to obtain membership in the Chamber of Commerce to conduct their commercial affairs. While all such individuals are members of the Chamber, those who engage in import and export activities must obtain a Commercial Card. The authority responsible...Read More

What Is Provisional Attachment of Claim? Every individual has the right to initiate legal proceedings in order to assert their rights. Filing a lawsuit before the courts requires the submission of a formal petition to the competent court. One part of the petition is devoted to the claim. The claim refers to the relief the...Read More

Commercial and Customs Terminology and Its Importance There are numerous terms used in commercial and customs affairs. Familiarity with these terms is essential for traders and individuals active in this field. These terms are widely used in daily communications between individuals and administrative authorities, and a lack of familiarity with them may lead to misunderstandings...Read More

Persons Disqualified and Prohibited from Appointment as Arbitrators Numerous definitions of arbitration have been provided, all conveying essentially the same meaning with minor variations. A comprehensive definition may be stated as follows. Arbitration is an agreement by which the parties, either by mutual consent or by operation of law in cases of compulsory arbitration, submit...Read More

Types of Contracts Related to Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce enables access to internet based networks. As a result, the technical presence of both the supplier and the buyer on such networks is unavoidable. For this purpose, the supplier must enter into a hosting or server placement agreement unless this function is undertaken internally. Similarly, the...Read More

Introduction to the Invoice Document and Its Application in Transportation In international transportation and trade, various documents are collectively referred to as transport documents. These documents provide detailed information on goods and shipments and are among the most important in foreign trade transactions. They function as the identity record of goods. One of the most...Read More

Economic Sanctions from the Perspective of International Law The term sanction refers to the systematic refusal by a state or group of states to establish social, economic, political, or military relations with another state, for the purpose of punishment or to induce acceptable behavior. Sanctions may be comprehensive, covering all goods and services, or limited...Read More