Types of Maritime Transportation Contracts Maritime transportation is one of the most fundamental methods of transporting goods. Ships are capable of carrying various types of cargo in different sizes and weights and are not subject to the limitations faced by trucks or aircraft. For this reason, specific mechanisms have been established to regulate such exchanges,...Read More

Cassation Appeal Against Civil Judgments A cassation appeal is an extraordinary method of objecting to court judgments. The authority competent to examine such appeals is the Supreme Court.Read More

Conditions for Restricting a Wife’s Employment In today’s society, many individuals face significant economic challenges. Due to the depreciation of the national currency and price instability, not only men but also many women are employed to cover part of their personal or family expenses. As a result, many women prefer employment to full-time household duties....Read More

Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) Trade secrets are of significant importance to their owners, particularly business operators and merchants. A non-disclosure agreement concerning trade secrets primarily serves to prevent the disclosure of confidential business information. Secondly, its execution facilitates the injured party’s ability to prove the existence of a confidentiality obligation and, by stipulating contractual enforcement mechanisms...Read More

Introduction to the Concept of EFS in Maritime Transportation Today, many essential human needs are met through maritime transportation. In fact, people gain access to goods and necessities through ships that operate continuously along international waterways. To manage and control this vast number of vessels at sea, specific rules and principles have been established, full...Read More

The Requirement of a Genuine Link Between a Ship and the Flag State in Ship Registration One of the important objectives of international law in the field of ship registration is to establish order and security in international maritime transport. Limiting unrestricted freedom of action and ensuring effective control and supervision over ships is only...Read More

Order of Non Prosecution All cases brought before the courts are reviewed, and a decision is issued in each case. Judicial decisions are issued in two forms: judgments and orders. A court decision is considered a judgment when it addresses the substance of the claim or definitively resolves the dispute. In such cases, the judicial...Read More

Types of Ship Registration Recognized Under the Iranian Legal System In general, ship registration under maritime law is carried out in two forms. The first is permanent registration of a ship, which the shipowner must complete. The second is temporary registration, conducted for specific purposes by authorized persons approved under each country’s legal system. The...Read More

Judicial Decisions Issued by Courts All cases brought before the courts are examined, and a judicial decision is issued in each case. Decisions issued by courts take the form of judgments and orders. Questions often arise regarding these two types of decisions, such as what distinguishes a judgment from an order and under what circumstances...Read More

International Registration of Ships Until a ship is registered, it is no different from an ordinary object. What gives legal identity to this otherwise unidentified object is ship registration, which is regarded as a legal act. International instruments, including the 1958 and 1982 conventions, have established rules governing ship registration. In practice, it is generally...Read More