Is It Possible to File a Complaint Against a Municipality? Municipalities are among the most important and influential executive institutions in people’s daily lives. The legislature has expressly defined numerous duties and responsibilities for municipalities in various provisions of law. Given the broad scope of municipal authority and functions, the possibility of disputes, problems, and...Read More
Do a Woman’s Salary and Benefits Transfer to Her Husband After Death? If a deceased woman has a husband and children, and the marriage is permanent, the husband and children may be entitled to benefits from her salary after her death. If the deceased woman was an employee with no husband or children, her parents...Read More
International Commercial Arbitration One of the most important classifications of arbitration is the distinction between domestic and international arbitration. In certain countries, including Iran, two different legal regimes govern domestic and international arbitrations. In Iran, where an arbitration is considered domestic, it is subject to Articles 454 to 501 of the Iranian Code of Civil...Read More
Governmental Discretionary Punishments Law (Ta’zirat) The Expediency Discernment Council of the Islamic System approved this enactment. The subject of “Governmental Ta’zirat” was reviewed in multiple sessions, and following extensive deliberations, the “Governmental Discretionary Punishments Law” was finally approved on March 13, 1989.Read More
Landlord and Tenant Relations Landlord-tenant relations consist of the rights, obligations, and legal conditions governing the lease of property, which are precisely regulated by civil law. The Law on Landlord and Tenant Relations, adopted on April 25, 1977, together with its subsequent amendments, is presented in this article.Read More
Law Amending the Issuance of Checks The Law Amending the Issuance of Checks aims to strengthen the reliability of cheques and reduce bounced cheques by introducing stricter controls and clearer enforcement mechanisms for their issuance and transfer. Article 1: In Article 6 of the Law on the Issuance of Checks enacted on 16/04/1977, with subsequent amendments...Read More
What Are Civil Claims and How Are They Resolved? Law has a nature distinct from that of mathematics. The correctness of a legal theory is not easily measurable, and it is often difficult to prefer one interpretation over another. Laws are also subject to continual change. Therefore, awareness of the latest enactments, and especially their...Read More
Civil Procedure in Civil Lawsuits Civil claims are adjudicated in accordance with the rules of the Civil Procedure Code, while criminal cases are examined pursuant to the Criminal Procedure Code. Article 1 of the Law on Civil Procedure of the Courts defines civil procedure as “the collection of principles and regulations applied in the adjudication...Read More
