Definitions of Legal Terms Related to Real Property Specialized real estate terminology encompasses legal, technical, and financial concepts related to the purchase, sale, leasing, and management of property. Familiarity with these terms is essential for professionals and stakeholders active in this field.Read More
The Effects of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Accession to the World Trade Organization on Maritime Transport Services The World Trade Organization is the largest international organization aimed at liberalizing international trade and currently has 164 members.Read More
Legal Concepts of River Boundary Delimitation With Emphasis on Navigable Rivers The Middle East has experienced some of the most persistent political disputes. Approximately 90 percent of the region’s water resources are transboundary. The Islamic Republic of Iran, located in a strategic region and connected to numerous international rivers, is not an exception to these...Read More
Forgery of Birth Certificate and National ID Card A National ID Card and a Birth Certificate are identity documents, and like other official documents, they may be forged. Assuming another identity and forging a Birth Certificate or National ID Card under an identity other than one’s true identity constitutes forgery. Iranian law criminalizes the forgery...Read More
Operating a Company Without Registration and Its Legal Consequences In many cases, launching a business and engaging in certain commercial activities require forming and registering a company. However, some founders and managers, especially at the early stages, may choose to begin operations without registration due to incomplete documents or an inability to complete the registration...Read More
Purchase and Sale of Vehicle Allocation Certificates Today, automobiles are widely regarded as investment assets, and many individuals seek to invest by purchasing vehicles. Due to the significant difference between the factory price of a new vehicle and its price in the open market or on a commodity exchange, many buyers seek to acquire vehicle...Read More
Defect Option in Real Estate Transactions In agreements concluded between individuals, the parties may include contractual conditions to provide reassurance to themselves or the other party. For an agreement to be valid, any condition included must be lawful. In addition to allowing parties to determine contractual terms, the law also recognizes a right to terminate...Read More
Unlawful Entry into a Private Residence The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes a person’s home as part of their private sphere. It protects it, alongside life, property, dignity, rights, housing, and occupation, against any unlawful interference except as permitted by law. Accordingly, unauthorized entry into another person’s residence has been criminalized, and...Read More
Claiming a Debt Without Written Evidence In some situations, individuals may transfer money or other valuable assets to another person without obtaining a receipt, a promissory note, or any written acknowledgment, often because of family ties, friendship, or trust. This practice can later create serious legal complications. As a general rule, it is strongly recommended...Read More
Bankruptcy of a Private Joint Stock Company Bankruptcy occurs when a trader or commercial company is unable to pay debts that have become due or is incapable of fulfilling its financial obligations and contractual commitments toward other companies or individuals. In such circumstances, the company must formally declare bankruptcy, and upon verification of insolvency, the...Read More
