Delay in Cargo Transportation Under Iranian law, a delay in transportation occurs when the carrier fails to deliver the cargo within the agreed time. Article 386 of the Iranian Commercial Code obligates the carrier to deliver the goods to the destination within the specified time. If it fails to do so, it will be liable...Read More

Marine Cargo Insurance Marine cargo insurance is a form of commercial insurance under which the insurer undertakes, in exchange for a premium, to indemnify potential losses to goods transported by sea in accordance with the policy terms. Pursuant to Article 1 of the Iranian Insurance Act (enacted in 1937), insurance is a contract whereby one...Read More

Court Fees in Real Estate Lawsuits Under Article 503 of the Civil Procedure Code, court fees are initially borne by the claimant, meaning the party who files the petition. These costs include the filing fee, stamp duties, and expenses associated with the initial stage of proceedings. In monetary claims, including most real estate disputes, court...Read More

A Guide to Dividing Inherited Real Estate in Iran Inheritance rules in Iran are rooted in the jurisprudence of Twelver Shi’a law and are reflected in the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Article 861 of the Civil Code provides that inheritance arises through kinship or legal cause, such as marriage. With respect...Read More

What Is a Purchase Agreement (Gholnameh)? A gholnameh is a private agreement executed between a buyer and a seller that records the parties’ commitment to transfer ownership at a later stage. By contrast, an official deed is a document prepared by a notary public or a competent authority, such as the Registration Organization, and it...Read More

All You Need to Know About Construction Participation Agreements A construction participation agreement is a type of civil contract under which the property owner and the developer agree to renovate or construct a building jointly. In this arrangement, the owner provides the land, and the developer undertakes to build the project with its own funding...Read More

Construction Without a Permit Construction without a permit refers to commencing building or development activities without obtaining an official building permit from the municipality or other competent authorities. The importance of this permit lies in its evidence of compliance with technical, urban planning, health, and safety standards. Where a permit is absent, the project may...Read More

Parking and Common Areas Disputes in Apartment Buildings Parking spaces and common areas are among the most significant legal issues in apartment ownership and frequently give rise to disputes between owners and residents. Under the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, particularly the Apartment Ownership Act and the Civil Code, a parking space may...Read More

All You Need to Know About Illegal Property Registration Illegal property registration refers to the official registration of real estate where one or more legal requirements or essential elements have not been properly observed. Situations such as document forgery, submission of inaccurate or misleading records, registration based on statements by persons without legal standing, or...Read More

What Is Property Seizure? Property seizure is a protective measure in civil proceedings in which real estate owned by the defendant or judgment debtor is temporarily restricted from transfer to secure a claim or enforce a judgment. A seizure may be imposed before a final decision is issued (pre-judgment seizure) or after a final judgment...Read More