Authorization to Assign Leasehold Rights In Iran’s legal system, particularly under the 1977 Law on Landlord and Tenant Relations, a tenant is not treated as a mere occupier after the contractual lease term expires. In such cases, due to years of commercial activity in the premises, the tenant may acquire a legally recognized proprietary interest...Read More
Introduction to the Lawsuit for Authorization to Transfer Goodwill Rights A lawsuit seeking judicial authorization to transfer the benefits of goodwill, commonly referred to as business tenancy rights, is among the most frequent disputes between commercial tenants and landlords in Iran. These claims are generally governed by the Landlord and Tenant Relations Act of 1977....Read More
What Is a Notice to Appear at the Notary Public Office and What Is Its Legal Function? A notice to appear at a notary public office is one of the most important legal instruments used to enforce contractual obligations in real estate transactions. This formal legal notice is issued by one party to a contract,...Read More
Definitions of Legal Terms Related to Real Property Specialized real estate terminology encompasses legal, technical, and financial concepts related to the purchase, sale, leasing, and management of property. Familiarity with these terms is essential for professionals and stakeholders active in this field.Read More
The Effects of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Accession to the World Trade Organization on Maritime Transport Services The World Trade Organization is the largest international organization aimed at liberalizing international trade and currently has 164 members.Read More
Legal Concepts of River Boundary Delimitation With Emphasis on Navigable Rivers The Middle East has experienced some of the most persistent political disputes. Approximately 90 percent of the region’s water resources are transboundary. The Islamic Republic of Iran, located in a strategic region and connected to numerous international rivers, is not an exception to these...Read More
Forgery of Birth Certificate and National ID Card A National ID Card and a Birth Certificate are identity documents, and like other official documents, they may be forged. Assuming another identity and forging a Birth Certificate or National ID Card under an identity other than one’s true identity constitutes forgery. Iranian law criminalizes the forgery...Read More
Operating a Company Without Registration and Its Legal Consequences In many cases, launching a business and engaging in certain commercial activities require forming and registering a company. However, some founders and managers, especially at the early stages, may choose to begin operations without registration due to incomplete documents or an inability to complete the registration...Read More
Purchase and Sale of Vehicle Allocation Certificates Today, automobiles are widely regarded as investment assets, and many individuals seek to invest by purchasing vehicles. Due to the significant difference between the factory price of a new vehicle and its price in the open market or on a commodity exchange, many buyers seek to acquire vehicle...Read More
Defect Option in Real Estate Transactions In agreements concluded between individuals, the parties may include contractual conditions to reassure themselves or the other party. For an agreement to be valid, any condition included must be lawful. In addition to allowing parties to determine contractual terms, the law also recognizes a right to terminate under specific...Read More
