Ship Arrest in Iranian Law Ship arrest is the act of preventing a vessel from continuing its operations at sea or in port and placing it under physical detention by competent authorities. Under Iranian law, ship arrest may arise in civil, commercial, or criminal contexts. It may be ordered due to outstanding debts, breach of...Read More

Passenger Rights in Maritime Travel Under the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, passengers in maritime travel have identifiable and enforceable rights. These rights are intended to protect a passenger’s life, property, comfort, and human dignity, and they are addressed in various provisions of the Iranian Maritime Law (adopted in 1964, as amended)....Read More

Perishable Goods in Transport Law Perishable goods are products that may spoil, deteriorate, or lose quality if specific storage and handling conditions are not observed. Such goods commonly include foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, flowers and plants, and certain sensitive chemical materials. In transport practice, these goods typically require controlled temperature, appropriate humidity, and precise scheduling. Failure to...Read More

Delay in Cargo Transportation Under Iranian law, a delay in transportation occurs when the carrier fails to deliver the cargo within the agreed time. Article 386 of the Iranian Commercial Code obligates the carrier to deliver the goods to the destination within the specified time. If it fails to do so, it will be liable...Read More

Marine Cargo Insurance Marine cargo insurance is a form of commercial insurance under which the insurer undertakes, in exchange for a premium, to indemnify potential losses to goods transported by sea in accordance with the policy terms. Pursuant to Article 1 of the Iranian Insurance Act (enacted in 1937), insurance is a contract whereby one...Read More

Court Fees in Real Estate Lawsuits Under Article 503 of the Civil Procedure Code, court fees are initially borne by the claimant, meaning the party who files the petition. These costs include the filing fee, stamp duties, and expenses associated with the initial stage of proceedings. In monetary claims, including most real estate disputes, court...Read More

A Guide to Dividing Inherited Real Estate in Iran Inheritance rules in Iran are rooted in the jurisprudence of Twelver Shi’a law and are reflected in the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Article 861 of the Civil Code provides that inheritance arises through kinship or legal cause, such as marriage. With respect...Read More

What Is a Purchase Agreement (Gholnameh)? A gholnameh is a private agreement executed between a buyer and a seller that records the parties’ commitment to transfer ownership at a later stage. By contrast, an official deed is a document prepared by a notary public or a competent authority, such as the Registration Organization, and it...Read More

All You Need to Know About Construction Participation Agreements A construction participation agreement is a type of civil contract under which the property owner and the developer agree to renovate or construct a building jointly. In this arrangement, the owner provides the land, and the developer undertakes to build the project with its own funding...Read More

Construction Without a Permit Construction without a permit refers to commencing building or development activities without obtaining an official building permit from the municipality or other competent authorities. The importance of this permit lies in its evidence of compliance with technical, urban planning, health, and safety standards. Where a permit is absent, the project may...Read More