Dowry Rights of a Wife in Cases of Adultery Marriage is a legal contract that creates specific rights and obligations for both spouses. One of the financial rights granted to a wife under Iranian law is the right to a dowry. Upon the wife’s demand, the husband is legally obligated to pay the agreed dowry....Read More

Civil Liability of the State In Iran, as in many other jurisdictions, the concept of state liability is relatively recent. Historically, a prevailing view was that the state enjoyed immunity and could not be pursued for acts it performed. This approach was aligned with the principle of state sovereignty. Over time, however, increased respect for...Read More

Conditional Gift When a person transfers property to another person as a gift, without consideration, a legal act occurs. The Civil Code governs this legal act and various situations arising from it under the contract of gift. Terms such as compensatory or conditional gift and non-compensatory gift are used to describe different types of gift...Read More

Increase and Decrease of Capital in Joint Stock Companies Pursuant to Article 157 of the Amended Bill of the Commercial Code, capital in a joint stock company may be increased through two methods: Increasing the nominal value of shares. Issuing new shares. The required majority for increasing capital through raising the nominal value depends on...Read More

Warranties in Marine Insurance Policies Although an insurer is protected in an insurance contract by the principle of utmost good faith, proving a lack of good faith or non-disclosure of material facts is exceptionally difficult. For that reason, the most practical way to ensure the soundness of an insurance contract is to rely on warranties....Read More

Banking Facilities “Facilities” refers to formal financial assistance programs offered by banks and financial institutions to support companies that require working capital. Such facilities may be granted to natural persons or legal entities that, in connection with a particular activity or transaction, cooperate with a bank to implement a project or a specific commercial operation....Read More

International Custom Unlike domestic legal systems, where legislation plays a central role in regulating legal relationships, international law assigns a special status to custom. This is largely because states themselves participate in its formation and therefore do not view it as contrary to national independence. In many fields, the lack of treaties is compensated for...Read More

Claiming a Debt Without Written Evidence In some situations, individuals may provide money or other assets to another person without obtaining a receipt, promissory note, or any written acknowledgment. This often happens due to family relationships, friendship, or personal trust, and it can later create serious legal difficulties. For this reason, individuals are generally advised...Read More

Bankruptcy in Parent Companies Under Iranian law, the concept of bankruptcy is largely addressed in the context of the establishment and operation of economic entities, and comparatively little attention has been given to the broader economic importance of removing inefficient enterprises from the commercial environment. The current legal framework primarily focuses on the procedural aspects...Read More

Conditions for Issuance of a Certificate of Maturity Under Iranian law, persons who have not reached legal maturity may not dispose of their financial and non-financial affairs without authorization from their guardian, legal custodian, or court-appointed trustee. It is important to note that the legal concept of maturity has a meaning distinct from physical development....Read More