Sale of Another Person’s Property and Everything You Should Know The sale of another person’s property refers to offering or transferring movable or immovable property by a person who is not the lawful owner and who proceeds without the permission or consent of the true owner. In Iran’s property market, due to complex documentation and...Read More
The Difference Between a Preliminary Agreement and a Sale Agreement in Real Estate Transactions In Iran’s real estate market, many people use the terms “preliminary agreement” and “sale agreement” interchangeably, without appreciating that they may carry different legal implications and practical consequences. A clear understanding of the distinction can help prevent disputes, fraud, and unintended...Read More
Purchasing Real Property Without an Official Deed From a legal perspective, purchasing real property without a deed is among the riskiest real estate transactions. In the absence of an official deed, the buyer’s ownership is not formally recognized and lacks reliable legal standing. Under Iran’s Act on Mandatory Official Registration of Transactions Involving Immovable Property...Read More
Authorization to Assign Leasehold Rights In Iran’s legal system, particularly under the 1977 Law on Landlord and Tenant Relations, a tenant is not treated as a mere occupier after the contractual lease term expires. In such cases, due to years of commercial activity in the premises, the tenant may acquire a legally recognized proprietary interest...Read More
Introduction to the Lawsuit for Authorization to Transfer Goodwill Rights A lawsuit seeking judicial authorization to transfer the benefits of goodwill, commonly referred to as business tenancy rights, is among the most frequent disputes between commercial tenants and landlords in Iran. These claims are generally governed by the Landlord and Tenant Relations Act of 1977....Read More
What Is a Notice to Appear at the Notary Public Office and What Is Its Legal Function? A notice to appear at a notary public office is one of the most important legal instruments used to enforce contractual obligations in real estate transactions. This formal legal notice is issued by one party to a contract,...Read More
Definitions of Legal Terms Related to Real Property Specialized real estate terminology encompasses legal, technical, and financial concepts related to the purchase, sale, leasing, and management of property. Familiarity with these terms is essential for professionals and stakeholders active in this field.Read More
The Effects of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Accession to the World Trade Organization on Maritime Transport Services The World Trade Organization is the largest international organization aimed at liberalizing international trade and currently has 164 members.Read More
Legal Concepts of River Boundary Delimitation With Emphasis on Navigable Rivers The Middle East has experienced some of the most persistent political disputes. Approximately 90 percent of the region’s water resources are transboundary. The Islamic Republic of Iran, located in a strategic region and connected to numerous international rivers, is not an exception to these...Read More
Forgery of Birth Certificate and National ID Card A National ID Card and a Birth Certificate are identity documents, and like other official documents, they may be forged. Assuming another identity and forging a Birth Certificate or National ID Card under an identity other than one’s true identity constitutes forgery. Iranian law criminalizes the forgery...Read More
