Company Articles of Association The Articles of Association are the principal constitutional document of joint-stock companies and serve as the identity document for commercial companies. They define the relationships among shareholders, the scope of authority of the general meetings and the board of directors, and the company’s internal governance framework. In this text, we address...Read More

Who Is an International Lawyer? Many people assume that an international lawyer is a legal professional who holds licenses to practice law in several countries, or that such a lawyer holds a single worldwide license. This common assumption is incorrect. In practice, it is not feasible for a single person to meet the bar admission...Read More

Key Considerations in Drafting the Articles of Association of a Parent Company On 19 February 2007, the Research Department of the Securities and Exchange Organization issued a model articles of association for investment companies as a proposed text, with the objective of standardization across investment companies and holding structures. Under Clause 3 of that model,...Read More

Civil and Criminal Liability for Maritime Collisions As a general rule, fault forms the basis of liability, but not every shortcoming is subject to legal pursuit. In maritime law, only fault that legally results in damage, or materially contributes to the occurrence of damage, is actionable. In light of the above, maritime liability is established...Read More

Endorsement of Negotiable Instruments Endorsement is a method of transferring and assigning negotiable instruments by writing a statement accompanied by a signature, or by affixing a signature alone, on the back of the instrument. In commercial law, this act is known as endorsement. Endorsement greatly facilitates the transfer of negotiable instruments, and, in modern practice,...Read More

Credit Insurance and Bank Guarantees One of the most significant concerns facing professionals in industry, commerce, and banking is risk and the methods available to mitigate it. Risk arises whenever there is uncertainty about the outcome of an action or situation, particularly when at least one potential outcome is unfavorable. Given the prevalence of various...Read More

Contractual Conditions Contractual conditions refer to provisions inserted into an agreement under which one or both parties undertake to provide security, to act as a guarantor, or to comply with specific requirements in relation to their obligations. Where it is stipulated in a contract that a party must provide a specific asset as security, and...Read More

Mortgage and Maritime Liens in Maritime Law In various legal systems, despite fundamental differences in the scope and application of the concepts of mortgage, lien, and maritime lien, these notions are often treated as though they lack clear categorization and do not differ materially from one another. In England’s legal system, maritime liens have a...Read More

Bankruptcy in Companies Bankruptcy in companies refers to a situation in which a company loses the ability to pay its debts and becomes subject to judicial supervision, allowing its assets to be administered and distributed among creditors. Two questions are commonly raised in this context: The effect of the bankruptcy of partners or shareholders on...Read More

Examples of Cybercrimes in Cyberspace With the introduction of computers into human life, society has continuously witnessed profound transformations. As a natural consequence of these developments, many aspects of daily life have shifted into a new environment: cyberspace. For this reason, criminal conduct has also taken new forms and now requires modern methods of prevention,...Read More