Authority of the Ship Master Under Iranian Maritime Law Under maritime law, the ship master may be regarded as holding two legal capacities within a single role. The shipmaster acts as both the representative of the shipowner and the representative of the cargo owners. In each of these capacities, the ship master is entrusted with...Read More

Proof of Waqf Status of Real Estate Title Deeds In cases where doubt or dispute arises as to whether a property is subject to waqf or private ownership, the legal presumption favors private ownership unless proven otherwise. Therefore, it is necessary to examine legal mechanisms for establishing the status of real estate as waqf. The...Read More

Prosecution of Crimes Committed by Iranian Nationals Abroad The prosecution of crimes committed by Iranian nationals outside the country represents a complex judicial issue that is also observed in many other jurisdictions. Resolution of such matters is generally based on the principles of private international law. However, issues related to national security and the preservation...Read More

Settlement of Employer and Employee Disputes and Competent Authorities for Resolution The employer-employee relationship is one of the most common legal relationships in modern societies. The specific characteristics of this relationship led to the enactment of specialized legislation known as labor law, which governs the rights and obligations of both parties. Disputes between employers and...Read More

International Land and Sea Transportation and Its Common Regulations Transportation is one of the most fundamental factors in commerce and trade and should be a priority for every country. Developed nations have typically expanded their international transportation routes before strengthening their trade relations with other countries. International land and sea transportation is particularly important because...Read More

Intellectual Property The institutional complexity of international sports law in dispute resolution often creates confusion. In recent years, this confusion has been intensified by the blurring of the distinction between professional and amateur athletes. Historically, each category of athletes developed its own legal framework. However, this structure is evolving. For instance, the Olympic Movement was...Read More

Private and Public Interests in Intellectual Property Law Since the emergence of intellectual property rights within legal systems, their principal objective at both national and international levels has been to grant exclusive privileges to right holders by recognizing exclusive legal protections. The legal framework governing intellectual property incorporates principles that require governments to grant such...Read More

Business Combinations in Corporate Structures Acquisitions and mergers are primarily undertaken to realize commercial synergies and enhance shareholder value. When two or more entities cooperate and interact, a combined effect is often created. If this combined effect exceeds the sum of the effects that each entity could achieve independently, synergy occurs. The first wave of...Read More

Charterparty for a Specific Voyage Unlike a bill of lading, which primarily serves as evidence of a contract, a charterparty is a contractual agreement in its own right. Charterparty agreements are generally classified into three main categories: Voyage charter. Time charter. Bareboat charter. Under voyage and time charter agreements, the charterer is granted the right...Read More

Concept of Intellectual Property Insurance and Types of Coverage In the modern business environment, intellectual property insurance has become increasingly essential. Intellectual creations possess significant economic value and represent critical corporate assets. As a result, there is a persistent risk of financial loss arising from infringement, invalidation, or damage to intellectual property rights. Accordingly, examining...Read More