Possession of Jointly Owned Property Members of society continuously engage in work and effort to benefit from available resources, acquire property, and address related legal matters. When an individual becomes the owner of a property, they are legally entitled to exercise possession of it, and no other person may lawfully deprive them of it. In...Read More

Temporary Registration of Ships Under the Iranian Maritime System As a general rule, ships are registered permanently within the registry of a given state. Temporary registration is an exception intended to address specific operational needs. Under the Iranian maritime framework, this exception is addressed in Articles 16 and 18 of the Iranian Maritime Code enacted...Read More

Arbitration in Contracts Today, interactions in society are frequently structured through various contracts in economic, political, social, and other fields. In general, contracts obligate parties to comply with specific terms, to perform certain acts, or to refrain from certain acts. At times, a contractual obligor may intentionally or unintentionally fail to perform its obligations, thereby...Read More

Factors Influencing the Choice of a Ship Registration System Selecting a ship registration system is often regarded as one of the most important concerns for shipowners. Because states that provide registration services can derive substantial revenue from such systems, intense competition has emerged over the scope and variety of services offered. A shipowner must make...Read More

What Is an Irrevocable Divorce? Divorce is the dissolution of a permanent marriage and is generally classified into two categories: revocable and irrevocable. Irrevocable divorce has several forms. Unlike a revocable divorce, in an irrevocable divorce, the husband has no right to resume the marriage during the waiting period. The types of irrevocable divorce vary...Read More

Reasons for Opposition to the International Registration of Ships To examine the reasons some states oppose the international registration of ships, it is necessary first to define the concept of the flag of convenience. From the twelfth and thirteenth centuries AD onward, shipowners were required to register their vessels. This development was partly attributable to...Read More

Article 100 Municipality Commission Cities worldwide have regulations and standards governing construction and building development. Accordingly, the legislator has designated a specific body to address violations of such rules by citizens. The Article 100 Commission is a familiar term for individuals involved in buying and selling real estate or undertaking construction projects. The Commission is...Read More

Choosing Ship Registration Among Open Registry Systems When a shipowner chooses to register a vessel under an international registry rather than under the flag of the owner’s legal residence, principal place of business, or other factors connected to a genuine link, the owner is confronted with the challenge of selecting among a large number of...Read More

Company Registration in a Free Trade Zone Registering a company in a free trade zone can offer significant advantages, depending on the nature of the intended business activity. Free trade zones are established and governed by law and may be located in port cities or in non-port areas.Read More

Freelance or Project-Based Work Contracts The emergence of work opportunities that are not constrained by location or fixed working hours is a key development and challenge of the modern era. As a result, many individuals can earn income without being present at a specific location or at a specific time. These individuals are commonly referred...Read More