Types of Bank Guarantees This article provides an overview of the main types of bank guarantees. Under Iranian banking practice, requests to extend the validity period of a bank guarantee are generally accepted.Read More

The Exclusive Economic Zone and the Legal Regime Governing It The third maritime zone of a coastal State is known as the Exclusive Economic Zone. Prior to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the concept of the Exclusive Economic Zone did not formally exist. Instead, State practice primarily referred to...Read More

Intellectual Property and Its Importance Today, intellectual property rights are regarded as one of the most fundamental tools for economic growth and as a key pillar of modern economic policy. They are considered among the most valuable assets in commercial transactions and trade relations. Focusing on the creation and preservation of creative and knowledge-based assets,...Read More

Dumping in the International Trade Market Individuals interested in international trade discussions have likely encountered the term “dumping,” which refers to unfair or predatory competition. Dumping is, in principle, a lawful commercial practice, and its economic effects may be either beneficial or harmful depending on the position of the party involved in the transaction.Read More

What Is a Trusteeship Order? Under the Constitution of Iran, an endowment is a legal instrument by which property is removed from private ownership and dedicated to charitable purposes or to the service of God. A trustee carries out the administration of endowed property. In practice, proper administration of an endowment requires that the trustee...Read More

What Is Opposition to a Default Judgment and How Is It Filed? Opposition to a default judgment is one of the legal methods available for challenging court decisions and applies specifically to judgments rendered in the absence of one party. As a general principle in judicial proceedings, both parties to a dispute are expected to...Read More

What Is Moharebeh? One of the crimes stipulated in the Islamic Penal Code that pertains to public security and social order is Moharebeh. Due to its nature, including the creation of fear and terror and the disruption of public safety, the public and social dimensions of this crime are significantly more prominent than its individual...Read More

The Legal Nature of the Bill of Lading From a legal perspective, a bill of lading has several distinct dimensions: It serves as strong evidence of the existence of a contract of carriage, though not of the content of that contract, since the contract is usually concluded before the bill of lading is issued. It...Read More

Liquidated Damages in Contracts Today, many individuals and entities conduct their activities through contractual arrangements. One of the fundamental requirements for entering into any contract is adherence to its terms and the proper performance of contractual obligations. The importance of complying with contracts is such that specific provisions have been allocated to this subject within...Read More

The Concept of Laytime in Transportation and Its Difference from Laydays One of the most important methods of cargo transportation worldwide is maritime transport, which involves numerous practical and technical concepts. Laytime and laydays are among the most significant terms used in commercial shipping. These two terms are often mistakenly used interchangeably. Preventing such confusion...Read More