Legal Functions of Ship Registration Ship registration is an administrative process by which a State grants a vessel its nationality. This process also includes the collection and presentation of a vessel’s documents for the purpose of demonstrating its national character. The nature and purpose of registration are to determine the nationality of an ocean-going vessel...Read More

National Ship Registration Historically, the predominant model of ship registration was domestic registration. Under this approach, individuals, families, and merchants registered ships in their own state. During that period, the general requirement was full ownership of the vessel by a person who held the state’s nationality or otherwise met the conditions imposed by that state....Read More

Ship Nationality and the Legal Status of Stateless Ships As a general principle, every natural person or legal entity has a name and a place of residence. To benefit from the rights, protections, and advantages offered by a state, a person must hold that state’s nationality. Ships are not an exception. A ship has a...Read More

What Does “Return of Property” Mean? Under Iranian law, every person has the right of ownership over their movable and immovable property. If someone unlawfully takes possession of another person’s property, the court may issue an order for the return of that property, and the offender may also face the applicable criminal penalties.Read More

Corporate Tax Regulations in Iran Under Iranian law, companies are required to pay taxes. After incorporation and registration, every company must take the necessary steps to determine its competent tax office. Following that, the company’s commercial books must be officially sealed to enable tax authorities to conduct a more accurate audit. Corporate taxation is a...Read More

Partition of Jointly Owned Real Property (Afraz) Afraz refers to the legal partition of jointly owned property among co-owners in proportion to their respective shares. In an afraz proceeding, each co-owner’s undivided share is separated and allocated as an individual portion. Afraz applies specifically to jointly owned real property and to property held in common...Read More

Fixed-Term Employment Contract (Specified Term) A key aspect of labor market participation is understanding applicable legal rules and practical considerations. One of the most common steps at the outset of any working relationship is preparing a written agreement. Employment agreements may take various forms, and a fixed-term employment contract is among the most widely used.Read More

Obedience (Tamkin) and Disobedience (Nushuz) The marital relationship between a woman and a man is established upon the conclusion of the marriage contract. From that moment, each spouse acquires specific rights and assumes corresponding legal duties toward the other. The legal effects of marriage generally fall into two categories: financial effects, such as alimony and...Read More

How to Collect Mahr (Dowry) Without Divorce? In a marriage contract, whether temporary or permanent, the wife is legally entitled to claim her mahr, whether it is defined as on-demand (payable upon request) or conditional upon financial ability. However, in a mahr conditional upon the husband’s financial capacity, the wife must prove that the husband...Read More

What Is a Presumed Death Judgment and For Whom Is It Issued? Iranian law permits courts to issue a presumed death judgment only in specific and limited circumstances. This judgment is intended for situations in which a person’s actual and certain death has not been proven, yet the prevailing circumstances indicate that the person is...Read More