National Regulations Governing Trade in Nuclear Goods and Materials National governments adopt specialized legal frameworks to regulate the trade of nuclear goods and materials in accordance with national security interests and public policy objectives. Although these regulations are designed to safeguard national interests, certain national laws may impose strict restrictions that, in some circumstances, may...Read More

Recovery of Dowry in Default Divorce Proceedings Under applicable family law, dowry constitutes one of the financial rights belonging to the wife. Upon conclusion of the marriage contract, the wife acquires full ownership of the dowry and retains the right to dispose of it as she chooses. The entitlement to dowry exists under all circumstances...Read More

Knowledge-Based Companies and Introduction to Science-Based Institutions Knowledge-based companies operate with a primary focus on scientific knowledge and technological innovation. The value of such companies is largely derived from intellectual capital and information technology. In simple terms, these companies contribute significantly to scientific advancement, economic development, and technological growth within a country. Many questions arise...Read More

National Legal Systems Governing Shared Oil and Gas Resources Oil and gas, like other underground resources such as groundwater and living natural resources, including marine species, birds, and wildlife, do not recognize artificial boundaries that define ownership and sovereignty among individuals and states. As a result, oil and gas resources in different jurisdictions, whether classified...Read More

Bilateral Investment Treaties in Foreign Investment Law Investment activities require legal security and reliable guarantees to protect assets. In the absence of international agreements ensuring the protection of foreign investments, investors are generally reluctant to invest in foreign jurisdictions. Domestic regulations alone are often insufficient to provide adequate protection. International agreements, by virtue of their...Read More

Multi-Purpose Vessels The specialization of various commercial sectors has led to the development of different types of vessels, each designed to transport specific categories of cargo. Despite this specialization, general cargo vessels continue to play a significant role in maritime transportation and are commonly referred to as multi-purpose vessels.Read More

Property Land Use Classification and Procedures for Changing Land Use Under applicable law, every property is assigned a specific land use classification at the time of development, which is formally recorded in its title documentation. Common land-use categories include commercial, residential, and administrative. Because properties designated for commercial use generally have higher market value than...Read More

Ship Master Under maritime law, the ship master may be regarded as holding two legal capacities within a single role. The ship master acts both as the representative of the shipowner and as the representative of the cargo owners. In each of these capacities, the ship master is entrusted with specific duties and legal authorities.Read More

Proof of Waqf Status of Real Estate Title Deeds In cases where doubt or disputes arise regarding whether a property is subject to waqf or private ownership, the legal presumption favors private ownership unless proven otherwise. Therefore, it is necessary to examine legal mechanisms for establishing the waqf status of real estate. The purpose of...Read More

Prosecution of Crimes Committed by Iranian Nationals Abroad The prosecution of crimes committed by Iranian nationals outside the country represents a complex judicial issue that is also observed in many other jurisdictions. Resolution of such matters is generally based on the principles of private international law. However, issues related to national security and the preservation...Read More