How to Recover a Dishonored Check From a Business Partner A check is one of the most common payment instruments used in commercial relationships between business partners. In many partnership arrangements, checks are used for account settlement, as security, or to cover financial obligations. In practice, however, one of the most frequent disputes between commercial...Read More
What Is International Commercial Arbitration? International commercial arbitration is a dispute-resolution mechanism used in cross-border commercial contracts, in which the parties agree to refer their dispute to arbitration rather than to domestic courts. Unlike formal judicial proceedings, arbitration is rooted in party autonomy and operates within a framework shaped by contractual agreement, applicable national laws,...Read More
Claims Arising From a Forged Bill of Lading A bill of lading is one of the most important documents in maritime transport. It plays a vital role in proving title to the goods, recording the carrier’s undertakings, and protecting the consignee’s rights. In international trade, it is not merely a receipt. A maritime bill of...Read More
What Is the Difference Between a Civil Partnership and a Commercial Company? A civil partnership and a commercial company are two principal forms of joint activity recognized in Iranian law, and each has a distinct legal purpose and structure. A civil partnership generally refers to an arrangement in which partners combine capital, assets, or services...Read More
The Legal Nature of Termination of an International Transportation Contract Termination of an international transportation contract is a significant institution in contract law and generally refers to the unilateral dissolution of a contract by one party on lawful or contractual grounds. Under Iranian law, the default principle is that contracts are binding. Once a valid...Read More
Legal Issues of Vessel Delay at Port Vessel delays at port are a common challenge in maritime transport and can lead to significant legal consequences. Legal issues arising from vessel delays at port often stem from disputes among shipowners, charterers, carriers, and port authorities. From a legal perspective, delay typically occurs when a vessel fails...Read More
Combined Transport Combined transport refers to the use of two or more modes of transportation, such as maritime, land, and air, to move goods or passengers from one point to another. The purpose of combined transport rules is to coordinate these modes so that carriage is continuous and responsibilities are clearly defined. In the legal...Read More
Legal Review of Share Transfers A share transfer refers to the assignment of ownership rights over a portion of a company’s capital to another person or entity. This process is regarded as one of the principal foundations of the operations of commercial companies and the capital market, and in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it...Read More
How to Draft the Articles of Association for a Commercial Company The Articles of Association are a mandatory legal instrument that establishes the general framework governing a commercial company’s activities. Drafting the Articles of Association is the first essential step toward formalizing a company under the Iranian Commercial Code. This document not only defines the...Read More
Everything You Need to Know About the Rules for Terminating a Commercial Contract Termination of a commercial contract refers to the end of contractual obligations between business partners, whether unilaterally or by mutual agreement, in accordance with the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran and other specific regulations, such as the Commercial Code....Read More
