The Difference Between Freight Forwarders and Carriers in Transport Law A freight forwarder is an intermediary and facilitator of transportation. It is an individual or a company that plans and coordinates the route, selects the appropriate carrier, and arranges the timing and conditions of carriage on behalf of the cargo owner. The freight forwarder manages...Read More
Handling Transportation Disputes in International Arbitration International arbitration is one of the most important and efficient methods of dispute resolution in international transportation. Due to the cross-border nature of transportation contracts, disputes often arise between parties from different jurisdictions with distinct legal systems. In such circumstances, recourse to national courts may be costly, time-consuming, and...Read More
Invalidation of Commercial Contracts In the Iranian legal system, the invalidation of commercial contracts is recognized as a key mechanism for safeguarding public order and protecting individual rights. Commercial contracts are typically concluded between economic actors, companies, and natural or legal persons. Their subject matter often involves the circulation of capital, the exchange of goods...Read More
Cargo Theft From a Legal Perspective From a legal perspective, cargo theft is the unlawful taking of a shipment by third parties without the consent of the owner, shipper, or carrier. In transportation law, this may be treated either as a criminal act committed by external offenders or as an incident that triggers contractual and...Read More
All About Commercial Disputes Commercial disputes refer to conflicts that arise between individuals or legal entities in the course of economic and business activities. These disputes may develop for many reasons, including breach of contractual terms, non-payment or delayed payment, fraud in transactions, delivery of defective goods, failure to meet deadlines, or differing interpretations of...Read More
What Is an Investment Partnership? An investment partnership is one of the most important tools for commercial and economic development in today’s world. In Iran’s legal system, this type of arrangement is commonly formed through private contracts and civil agreements between individuals and legal entities. An investment partnership agreement may be used in many fields,...Read More
Legal Foundations of Commercial Competition Commercial competition is an inseparable part of an open market economy. However, when competition moves beyond lawful and fair conduct and shifts toward misconduct, deception, or bad faith, it may become subject to legal action. In Iran, principles such as prohibiting the misuse of commercial reputation, preventing unfair or deceptive...Read More
Liability in Commercial Partnerships In Iran’s legal system, commercial partnerships are among the most common methods of economic activity between individuals and legal entities. People enter partnerships for many reasons, yet it is sometimes the case that one partner exists only on paper and does not participate in the business in any meaningful way. This...Read More
Fraud in Commercial Transactions Fraud in commercial transactions is one of the most serious offenses against property and trust in economic relationships. It can result in significant criminal, civil, and financial consequences for the parties involved. This offense typically occurs when an individual or a company uses deception, false statements, or misleading information to induce...Read More
Breach of Trust in Commercial Relationships Breach of trust is a property-related crime in which a person receives money, property, or a document from another as a trust-based arrangement, but contrary to the obligation or agreement, misappropriates it, destroys it, or uses it improperly. In commercial settings, this offense carries heightened significance because business transactions...Read More
