Why do delivery delay penalties matter in maritime law? Delays in cargo delivery or vessel turnaround at ports can lead to high financial and operational costs, including vessel waiting time, storage charges, lost sales opportunities, and disruptions to fleet scheduling. For that reason, maritime law has developed a set of contractual and customary rules to...Read More

What legal action should be taken after a cargo hijacking? Cargo hijacking is a critical incident that can cause immediate financial loss while also triggering complex legal consequences. Whether the incident occurred within one country or along an international route, the mode of transport involved, and the presence or absence of insurance will all shape...Read More

The Concept of a Forwarding Agreement and Its Role in International Trade A forwarding agreement is a contract entered into between the cargo owner and a freight forwarding company, under which the forwarder undertakes to organize, plan, and coordinate the transportation of goods from origin to destination. A forwarder is not usually the direct carrier....Read More

Claims for Damaged Goods in International Trade Damage to goods during international trade is one of the most common and, at the same time, most complex legal issues for merchants, transportation companies, insurers, buyers, and sellers. The diversity of shipping routes, the number of involved parties, differences among national legal systems, and the existence of...Read More

Drafting Transportation Contracts for Legal Security A transportation contract is the backbone of the relationship among the cargo owner, carrier, freight forwarder, and other participants in the logistics chain. The clearer and more precise the contract is, the lower the likelihood of disputes, conflicting interpretations, and litigation. Many disputes arise from contractual silence or from...Read More

Insurance Coverage for International Cargo Transportation: A Comprehensive and Practical Guide International transportation of goods involves a range of financial and operational risks that may turn a profitable commercial transaction into a loss-making one. The purpose of cargo insurance is to provide financial protection for the cargo owner or beneficiary against risks that occur unexpectedly...Read More

Legal Risks in Air Transportation Air transportation forms a vital part of global trade due to its speed and international reach, but it is also associated with a distinct level of legal risk. Legal risks in this field affect not only airlines, but also shippers, consignees, freight agents, and insurers. Identifying these risks helps parties...Read More

Conditions for Termination of an International Transportation Contract Termination of an international transportation contract is among the most complex legal actions because it often entails significant financial, operational, and enforcement consequences. In practice, termination may be raised by the cargo owner, carrier, freight forwarder, or consignee, and each party must present a valid legal or...Read More

How to File a Complaint Against Transportation Companies Filing a complaint against transportation companies is a common process in trade and cargo shipments. In the following, with the guidance of Soroush Salamian Law Firm, we provide a comprehensive and practical guide to filing complaints and pursuing claims against transportation companies, from document gathering to legal...Read More

Review of International Shipping Conventions International shipping conventions consist of treaties and rules that states adopt to promote uniformity, improve safety, and reduce risks in navigation and maritime transport. The core reason these conventions exist is the cross-border nature of navigation. Ships, cargo, and crew operate across waters that extend beyond national boundaries, and fragmented...Read More