International Air Law The Paris Convention was the first international treaty to address the legal regime of airspace. It recognized the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty of states over the airspace above their territory, including land territory and territorial waters. At the same time, it acknowledged freedom of navigation over the high seas and...Read More

Housing Tax in Iran One of the principal sources of government revenue used to cover public expenditures is taxation, levied on individuals’ and entities’ assets or income, as well as on the value added of goods and services produced in society. Paying tax, in effect, reflects the level of public participation in financing the country’s...Read More

Compelling Execution of an Official Vehicle Transfer Deed Private sale agreements and preliminary contracts prepared between individuals don’t enjoy the legal status of officially registered deeds. Therefore, in situations where execution of an official deed is required, such as the purchase of a vehicle or other property, if the seller fails to appear on the...Read More

Intentional Damage to a Vehicle In general usage, damage refers to destruction, ruin, or harm. Under the Islamic Penal Code, damage to both public property and private property is criminalized. Accordingly, intentionally damaging another person’s property is subject to legal punishment, as explained below.Read More

Legal Consequences of an Extramarital Relationship Between a Married Man and a Married Woman Extramarital relationships outside the framework of marriage have consistently posed significant challenges in family law and have given rise to serious legal and social consequences. Among the legal claims frequently raised in this context are adultery and unlawful relationships short of...Read More

Compelling Delivery of Property Under a Preliminary Sale Agreement A sale agreement is legally significant because it results in the transfer of ownership. The higher the value of the subject matter, the greater the legal sensitivity and importance of the transaction. Real estate transactions, due to the high value of property, require particular care. In...Read More

Import and Export Company Registration in Iran Establishing economic relations with other countries is essential for strengthening and sustaining a nation’s economic cycle. In general, the movement of goods through customs for dispatch to foreign countries is categorized as export, while the entry of goods into Iran through customs is categorized as import. Companies engaged...Read More

Dowry Rights of a Wife in Cases of Adultery Marriage is a legal contract that creates specific rights and obligations for both spouses. One of the financial rights granted to a wife under Iranian law is the right to a dowry. Upon the wife’s demand, the husband is legally obligated to pay the agreed dowry....Read More

Civil Liability of the State In Iran, as in many other jurisdictions, the concept of state liability is relatively recent. Historically, a prevailing view was that the state enjoyed immunity and could not be pursued for acts it performed. This approach was aligned with the principle of state sovereignty. Over time, however, increased respect for...Read More

Conditional Gift When a person transfers property to another person as a gift, without consideration, a legal act occurs. The Civil Code governs this legal act and various situations arising from it under the contract of gift. Terms such as compensatory or conditional gift and non-compensatory gift are used to describe different types of gift...Read More