Review of the Fiscal Year in a Holding Company The calculation of the fiscal year for companies governed by the Commercial Code is conducted as follows: A fiscal year refers to a twelve-month business period. For natural persons, the fiscal year must correspond to the Iranian solar calendar year. For legal entities, the fiscal year...Read More

Types of Bonds Today, many individuals are unable to afford essential assets such as vehicles or real estate and therefore require loans. Likewise, businesses need financing to expand their operations or generate profits. The financing required by businesses is often beyond the capacity of banks. In such circumstances, companies rely on alternative methods to secure...Read More

Ship Collision In maritime law, ship collision is generally defined as the impact of two vessels with one another, the impact of one vessel with the appurtenances of another vessel, or a severe impact of a vessel with quay walls, piers, columns, or bridges. In a broader sense, collision refers to any impact between two...Read More

Sports Law and Sports Ethics Ethics consists of a set of rules that are necessary for achieving moral and human perfection. Ethics functions as an individual code of conduct, and its enforcement is supported primarily by moral conscience, ethical character, and, in some cases, the fear of social reaction. In contrast, legal rules rely on...Read More

Maritime Liens Maritime liens are the legal concepts denoted by the terms Maritime Lien and Droits Privilégiés, which are used, respectively, in the maritime law systems of Anglo-Saxon countries and in France, as well as in countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland whose maritime law is derived from French maritime law. In codified legal systems, privileged rights are...Read More

Prevention of Payment Under a Bank Guarantee When the beneficiary submits a demand for payment under an unconditional bank guarantee, the bank is, in principle, obliged to pay the guaranteed amount immediately. The bank is not entitled to request explanations or justifications from the beneficiary, nor may it examine the manner of performance or possible...Read More

Criminalization of Various Forms of Harassment Against Women One of the recurring factors undermining public security and social tranquility is the occurrence of socially inappropriate and abnormal conduct. For this reason, the law has prescribed criminal sanctions for certain forms of conduct to prevent their repetition in society. Harassment of women constitutes one of these...Read More

Set Off and Its Legal Considerations One legal situation that may arise for individuals is being simultaneously a debtor and a creditor of the same party. In such circumstances, the two opposing obligations may be extinguished against one another, resulting in a set off. One of the essential requirements for a set off to occur...Read More

The Difference Between Holding Companies and Corporate Mergers Pursuant to Article 111 of the Amendment to the Direct Taxation Law enacted in 2001, as well as Item 16 of Article 1 of the Law Amending Certain Provisions of the Fourth Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Implementation...Read More

Amendments to the Laws Governing Bearer Checks A check is a financial instrument used for present purchases and for payment at a future date and is recognized as one of the most important commercial instruments. The practical use of a check becomes apparent when a person intends to purchase goods or services and defers payment...Read More