Installment Sale Financing Facilities Sale, which is legally referred to as bay‘, is one of the lawful forms of transactions and consists of the transfer of ownership of property by the seller to the buyer in exchange for a consideration paid by the buyer. A sale is the transfer of ownership of a specific asset...Read More

Transfer of Rights and Obligations Contained in a Bill of Lading Under common law, contracts were traditionally not transferable. As a result, the transfer of a bill of lading with the intention of transferring ownership of the goods could not, by itself, transfer the rights and obligations arising from the contract of carriage. Such a...Read More

Types of Visas for Immigration A visa is an official document that grants permission to enter, transit through, or reside in a country. The issuance of visas is the responsibility of each state regarding foreign nationals. Granting a visa is generally subject to the payment of prescribed fees and the submission of required documentation. It...Read More

Rescission (Ighaleh) in Banking Transactions Rescission, known in Iranian law as Ighaleh, refers to the termination of a transaction by mutual agreement of the parties. The same mutual consent that brings a contract into existence may also dissolve it and prevent the continuation of its legal effects, thereby restoring the parties to their original position....Read More

International Maritime Organization (IMO) Prior to the Second World War, matters relating to international shipping lacked a permanent institutional framework. Issues requiring international agreements and arrangements were addressed through ad hoc conferences convened for that purpose. In 1889, during the well-known Washington Conference, the establishment of a permanent international maritime commission was proposed, but no...Read More

Civil Liability in Sports Whenever a person or persons are legally required to compensate another for damage suffered, they are deemed to bear civil liability toward that person. Civil liability arises either from contractual obligations or independently of any contract. Contractual liability results from the failure to perform obligations or to honor commitments arising from...Read More

The Legal Nature of Electronic Payment Undoubtedly, every form of commercial activity presupposes the payment of a price. In general, it is irrelevant to the merchant whether the payer is necessarily the buyer himself. What matters is that the payment is made. Accordingly, the concept of electronic payment must be distinguished from the identity of...Read More

Maritime Carrier Under the Iranian Maritime Code, a maritime carrier, referred to as the carrier of goods, is defined as the owner or charterer of a vessel who enters into a contract with the shipper for the carriage of goods by sea. Such carriage is conducted pursuant to a bill of lading or other similar...Read More

Criminal Liability of Legal Entities In the past, legal scholars held differing views on the criminal liability of legal entities. Some believed that legal entities were incapable of committing crimes or that criminal punishment could not be imposed upon them. Today, however, there is no longer any serious disagreement on this issue. For example, instead...Read More

Shipbuilding Contracts The shipbuilding market, which was traditionally concentrated in Northern Europe, has shifted eastward in recent decades. In particular, Japan, South Korea, and China have developed substantial shipbuilding capacities since the late 1990s. As a result of this market shift, the European Commission proposed to the Council that the Council sign and conclude an...Read More