Bilateral Investment Treaties in Foreign Investment Law Investment activities require legal security and reliable guarantees to protect assets. In the absence of international agreements that protect foreign investments, investors are generally reluctant to invest in foreign jurisdictions. Domestic regulations alone are often insufficient to provide adequate protection. International agreements, by virtue of their binding legal...Read More

Multi-Purpose Vessels The specialization of various commercial sectors has led to the development of different types of vessels, each designed to transport specific categories of cargo. Despite this specialization, general cargo vessels continue to play a significant role in maritime transportation and are commonly referred to as multi-purpose vessels.Read More

Property Land Use Classification and Procedures for Changing Land Use Under applicable law, every property is assigned a specific land use classification at the time of development, which is formally recorded in its title documentation. Common land-use categories include commercial, residential, and administrative. Because properties designated for commercial use generally have higher market value than...Read More

Authority of the Ship Master Under Iranian Maritime Law Under maritime law, the ship master may be regarded as holding two legal capacities within a single role. The shipmaster acts as both the representative of the shipowner and the representative of the cargo owners. In each of these capacities, the ship master is entrusted with...Read More

Proof of Waqf Status of Real Estate Title Deeds In cases where doubt or dispute arises as to whether a property is subject to waqf or private ownership, the legal presumption favors private ownership unless proven otherwise. Therefore, it is necessary to examine legal mechanisms for establishing the status of real estate as waqf. The...Read More

Prosecution of Crimes Committed by Iranian Nationals Abroad The prosecution of crimes committed by Iranian nationals outside the country represents a complex judicial issue that is also observed in many other jurisdictions. Resolution of such matters is generally based on the principles of private international law. However, issues related to national security and the preservation...Read More

Settlement of Employer and Employee Disputes and Competent Authorities for Resolution The employer-employee relationship is one of the most common legal relationships in modern societies. The specific characteristics of this relationship led to the enactment of specialized legislation known as labor law, which governs the rights and obligations of both parties. Disputes between employers and...Read More

International Land and Sea Transportation and Its Common Regulations Transportation is one of the most fundamental factors in commerce and trade and should be a priority for every country. Developed nations have typically expanded their international transportation routes before strengthening their trade relations with other countries. International land and sea transportation is particularly important because...Read More

Intellectual Property The institutional complexity of international sports law in dispute resolution often creates confusion. In recent years, this confusion has been intensified by the blurring of the distinction between professional and amateur athletes. Historically, each category of athletes developed its own legal framework. However, this structure is evolving. For instance, the Olympic Movement was...Read More

Private and Public Interests in Intellectual Property Law Since the emergence of intellectual property rights within legal systems, their principal objective at both national and international levels has been to grant exclusive privileges to right holders by recognizing exclusive legal protections. The legal framework governing intellectual property incorporates principles that require governments to grant such...Read More