Purchase and Sale of Vehicle Allocation Certificates Today, automobiles are widely regarded as investment assets, and many individuals seek to invest by purchasing vehicles. Due to the significant difference between the factory price of a new vehicle and its price in the open market or on a commodity exchange, many buyers seek to acquire vehicle...Read More

Defect Option in Real Estate Transactions In agreements concluded between individuals, the parties may include contractual conditions to reassure themselves or the other party. For an agreement to be valid, any condition included must be lawful. In addition to allowing parties to determine contractual terms, the law also recognizes a right to terminate under specific...Read More

Unlawful Entry into a Private Residence The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes a person’s home as part of their private sphere. It protects it, alongside life, property, dignity, rights, housing, and occupation, against any unlawful interference except as permitted by law. Accordingly, unauthorized entry into another person’s residence has been criminalized, and...Read More

Claiming a Debt Without Written Evidence In some situations, individuals may transfer money or other valuable assets to another person without obtaining a receipt, a promissory note, or any written acknowledgment, often because of family ties, friendship, or trust. This practice can later create serious legal complications. As a general rule, it is strongly recommended...Read More

Bankruptcy of a Private Joint Stock Company Bankruptcy occurs when a trader or commercial company is unable to pay debts that have become due or is incapable of fulfilling its financial obligations and contractual commitments toward other companies or individuals. In such circumstances, the company must formally declare bankruptcy, and upon verification of insolvency, the...Read More

International Air Law The Paris Convention was the first international treaty to address the legal regime of airspace. It recognized the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty of states over the airspace above their territory, including land territory and territorial waters. At the same time, it acknowledged freedom of navigation over the high seas and...Read More

Housing Tax in Iran One of the principal sources of government revenue used to cover public expenditures is taxation, levied on individuals’ and entities’ assets or income, as well as on the value added of goods and services produced in society. Paying tax, in effect, reflects the level of public participation in financing the country’s...Read More

Compelling Execution of an Official Vehicle Transfer Deed Private sale agreements and preliminary contracts prepared between individuals don’t enjoy the legal status of officially registered deeds. Therefore, in situations where execution of an official deed is required, such as the purchase of a vehicle or other property, if the seller fails to appear on the...Read More

Intentional Damage to a Vehicle In general usage, damage refers to destruction, ruin, or harm. Under the Islamic Penal Code, damage to both public property and private property is criminalized. Accordingly, intentionally damaging another person’s property is subject to legal punishment, as explained below.Read More

Legal Consequences of an Extramarital Relationship Between a Married Man and a Married Woman Extramarital relationships outside the framework of marriage have consistently posed significant challenges in family law and have given rise to serious legal and social consequences. Among the legal claims frequently raised in this context are adultery and unlawful relationships short of...Read More