What Does “Return of Property” Mean? Under Iranian law, every person has the right of ownership over their movable and immovable property. If someone unlawfully takes possession of another person’s property, the court may issue an order for the return of that property, and the offender may also face the applicable criminal penalties.Read More
Corporate Tax Regulations in Iran Under Iranian law, companies are required to pay taxes. After incorporation and registration, every company must take the necessary steps to determine its competent tax office. Following that, the company’s commercial books must be officially sealed to enable tax authorities to conduct a more accurate audit. Corporate taxation is a...Read More
Partition of Jointly Owned Real Property (Afraz) Afraz refers to the legal partition of jointly owned property among co-owners in proportion to their respective shares. In an afraz proceeding, each co-owner’s undivided share is separated and allocated as an individual portion. Afraz applies specifically to jointly owned real property and to property held in common...Read More
Fixed-Term Employment Contract (Specified Term) A key aspect of labor market participation is understanding applicable legal rules and practical considerations. One of the most common steps at the outset of any working relationship is preparing a written agreement. Employment agreements may take various forms, and a fixed-term employment contract is among the most widely used.Read More
Obedience (Tamkin) and Disobedience (Nushuz) The marital relationship between a woman and a man is established upon the conclusion of the marriage contract. From that moment, each spouse acquires specific rights and assumes corresponding legal duties toward the other. The legal effects of marriage generally fall into two categories: financial effects, such as alimony and...Read More
How to Collect Mahr (Dowry) Without Divorce? In a marriage contract, whether temporary or permanent, the wife is legally entitled to claim her mahr, whether it is defined as on-demand (payable upon request) or conditional upon financial ability. However, in a mahr conditional upon the husband’s financial capacity, the wife must prove that the husband...Read More
What Is a Presumed Death Judgment and For Whom Is It Issued? Iranian law permits courts to issue a presumed death judgment only in specific and limited circumstances. This judgment is intended for situations in which a person’s actual and certain death has not been proven, yet the prevailing circumstances indicate that the person is...Read More
Prohibition on Using Property Contrary to Its Authorized Land Use Rising costs across many sectors, including residential real estate, have led some owners to use residential units for commercial or administrative purposes, despite legal restrictions on land-use changes. If such conduct is reported to the competent authorities or municipalities, it may be pursued and addressed...Read More
Different Methods of Air Transportation More than a century has passed since the Wright brothers turned the dream of flight into reality. Over the last 120 years, the aviation industry has experienced extraordinary progress. Among the most important applications of modern aircraft are passenger transportation and air cargo shipment. The speed and operational capability of...Read More
Legal Responsibilities of Eco Tourism and Travel Tours A portion of accident reports and public news is repeatedly linked to incidents that occur during organized tours. In practice, injuries and unexpected events have become recurring phenomena in travel and tourism. Although reasonable adults generally understand that travel may involve risks and choose to participate with...Read More
