Introduction to Incoterms Due to significant differences among national legal systems, operating in the international arena has become a relatively complex undertaking. For this reason, over the past decades, the International Chamber of Commerce has developed a set of rules known as Incoterms. The international trade terms for cross-border commerce are explained in the Incoterms....Read More

Arbitration in Family Matters Family is one of the most important pillars of human society and is widely regarded as the central foundation for individual development and growth. At the same time, conflicts and disputes within the family, like in any other institution, are inevitable. Where a dispute concerns this core institution, the resolution process...Read More

What Is a Force Majeure Clause in Contracts? Today, many personal and business activities are carried out through contracts. Drafting a contract requires careful attention to numerous details and can be complex. For this reason, consulting qualified professionals in contract drafting is often essential. One of the provisions frequently included in contracts is a force...Read More

The Concept of Hybrid Ship Registration Under the international law of the sea, every vessel must be registered in a State and operate under that State’s flag. Registration of a vessel in a particular State is understood as the grant of that State’s nationality to the vessel, and the registering State is recognized as the...Read More

Legal Functions of Ship Registration Ship registration is an administrative process by which a State grants a vessel its nationality. This process also includes the collection and presentation of a vessel’s documents for the purpose of demonstrating its national character. The nature and purpose of registration are to determine the nationality of an ocean-going vessel...Read More

National Ship Registration Historically, the predominant model of ship registration was domestic registration. Under this approach, individuals, families, and merchants registered ships in their own state. During that period, the general requirement was full ownership of the vessel by a person who held the state’s nationality or otherwise met the conditions imposed by that state....Read More

Ship Nationality and the Legal Status of Stateless Ships As a general principle, every natural person or legal entity has a name and a place of residence. To benefit from the rights, protections, and advantages offered by a state, a person must hold that state’s nationality. Ships are not an exception. A ship has a...Read More

What Does “Return of Property” Mean? Under Iranian law, every person has the right of ownership over their movable and immovable property. If someone unlawfully takes possession of another person’s property, the court may issue an order for the return of that property, and the offender may also face the applicable criminal penalties.Read More

Corporate Tax Regulations in Iran Under Iranian law, companies are required to pay taxes. After incorporation and registration, every company must take the necessary steps to determine its competent tax office. Following that, the company’s commercial books must be officially sealed to enable tax authorities to conduct a more accurate audit. Corporate taxation is a...Read More

Partition of Jointly Owned Real Property (Afraz) Afraz refers to the legal partition of jointly owned property among co-owners in proportion to their respective shares. In an afraz proceeding, each co-owner’s undivided share is separated and allocated as an individual portion. Afraz applies specifically to jointly owned real property and to property held in common...Read More