Real Estate Settlement Agreement (Peace Contract) One of the most widely used contracts under civil law is the settlement agreement, which offers greater flexibility than many other types of contracts. In certain contracts, failure to comply with specific legal requirements may render the contract invalid. In contrast, settlement agreements offer greater legal flexibility, affording parties...Read More
Division of Property Clause In a permanent marriage formalized through an official marriage contract, the spouses sign a document commonly known as the marriage certificate, which contains various stipulated conditions. In many cases, these conditions are signed without careful review or sufficient legal awareness. One of the most significant provisions in this document is the...Read More
Conditions Governing Child Custody In its literal sense, custody means protection, care, and upbringing. In legal terminology, custody denotes the care and education of a child. Such care may be material or moral, and is essential for the child’s physical and emotional development. While many believe that custody primarily concerns the child’s physical well-being, emotional,...Read More
Civil Partnerships In legal terminology, a civil partnership refers to a group of individuals who jointly engage in cultural, social, or non-commercial economic activities. Civil partnerships are subject to specific rules governing ownership and taxation, which are explained below. In its literal sense, the term partnership denotes sharing or joint participation. Accordingly, a partnership refers...Read More
Legal Status of Children Born Out of Wedlock A child born out of wedlock is, as the term suggests, a child resulting from an unlawful relationship. Under Iranian law, the legal rights of a child born out of wedlock differ in certain respects from those of a legitimate child. The following sections examine the legal...Read More
Commercial Goodwill and Its Legal Status After Death Commercial goodwill is a tenant’s right acquired by paying a certain amount to the owner of a commercial property at the time of concluding a lease agreement. Through payment of this amount, the tenant becomes the holder of the goodwill right and is entitled to use the...Read More
Legal Risk and Regulatory Risk and Methods of Managing Them In today’s business environment, familiarity with various market risks is essential. A proper understanding of these risks helps prevent unexpected losses and protects commercial activities. One of the most common risks arising from insufficient legal knowledge is legal or regulatory risk. It is evident that...Read More
International Commercial Arbitration With the significant expansion of international trade, merchants and parties to international commercial transactions increasingly prefer to submit their disputes to arbitration to avoid complex, time-consuming legal proceedings. Failure to employ efficient, expeditious dispute-resolution mechanisms may result in substantial adverse consequences for the parties involved. In practice, international traders prefer resolving disputes...Read More
Right of Retention in Contracts Under Iranian law, the explicit term “right of retention” is mentioned only in Article 371 of the Commercial Code. According to this provision, a commission agent is entitled to exercise a right of retention against the principal to recover outstanding claims relating to the goods subject to the transaction or...Read More
Easement Rights and Usufruct Rights One of the most fundamental rights individuals may hold in relation to property and objects is the right of ownership. Ownership establishes a direct legal relationship between a person and an asset, which may arise through inheritance, contracts transferring ownership, or other legal means. In addition to ownership rights, other...Read More
