Fraud and Its Punishment Fraud is defined as unlawfully obtaining another person’s property through deceptive acts and with malicious intent. Accordingly, the use of fraudulent methods and the victim’s deception are essential elements of the crime of fraud. A person described as a fraudster must have engaged in deceptive conduct. In practice, the element of...Read More

Legal Adjustment of Rent For more than four decades, the Iranian legislator has addressed the issue of rent adjustment. Nevertheless, this matter has unfortunately been limited to commercial properties and does not extend to residential properties. In recent years and in previous decades, society has consistently experienced rising rental rates alongside inflation. Although this rise...Read More

Objection to an Arbitral Award In most cases, after a dispute arises, individuals file a claim before the competent court so that the court may adjudicate the matter and issue a judgment. Under the applicable laws, there is another mechanism for dispute resolution that has historically received less public attention. However, due to its advantages,...Read More

Mixed Companies In certain situations, companies decide to merge and form a new type of business entity. In such cases, a capital-based company and a general partnership combine to form a mixed company. As a result, one or more general partners and one or more limited liability partners participate in the company, each holding a...Read More

Commercial Contracts and How to Draft Them In today’s vast and competitive world of commerce, only those individuals and businesses that possess sufficient knowledge of the laws and principles governing commercial contracts and properly apply them in their professional relationships are able to achieve lasting success.Read More

Appointment and Removal of a Guardian The Civil Code provides for the appointment of a guardian in order to protect the rights and interests of legally incapacitated persons. The selection, appointment, and removal of a guardian are matters frequently encountered by eligible individuals. Specific legal rules govern the appointment and removal of a guardian, and...Read More

Contract of Compromise and Its Types The term compromise refers to agreement, reconciliation, and settlement. In legal doctrine, a contract of compromise is recognized as a specific and defined contract with particular conditions and characteristics stipulated by law. Pursuant to Article 752 of the Civil Code, a compromise may be concluded either to prevent a...Read More

Grounds for Invalidation of a Will Individuals are the owners of their property and are entitled to dispose of it as they wish during their lifetime. Under the law, individuals may determine the disposition of their property after death and transfer it to others through a will. After death, a person’s authority over their estate...Read More

Value Added Tax Tax revenues derived from value-added tax are widely regarded as one of the most important and dependable sources of government income. Because value-added tax is collected continuously throughout the supply chain, it tends to generate steady cash flow for the public budget. It allows governments to plan public expenditures with greater predictability....Read More

Differences Between Permanent and Fixed Term and Contractual Employment Today, individuals generally have two primary options for pursuing their professional activities: either working independently or entering into an employment relationship. To properly address matters related to different forms of employment, it is necessary to understand the concept of employment and the conditions governing each status.Read More