Proportional Liability and Its Difference from Joint and Several Liability In Iranian law, liability refers to the obligations that one person owes to another arising from a contract or other legal agreement. These obligations may also arise outside contractual relationships. Iranian law generally recognizes two main types of liability: proportional liability and joint and several...Read More
Drafting a Consortium Agreement A consortium refers to an association or partnership. The term has Latin origins and refers to the combination of two or more companies, institutions, organizations, or governments to achieve a shared objective, with profit generation as a primary goal. A consortium may also be established for smaller-scale activities. For example, several...Read More
Understanding Express Mail and Domestic Express Mail and International Express Mail Global commercial activity requires familiarity with express mail. Express mail is a method of transporting goods worldwide. In some countries, express mail services are available both domestically and internationally. In many jurisdictions, international express shipping costs are calculated primarily based on the weight and...Read More
International Law of the Sea One of the oldest and most significant branches of public international law is devoted to the international law of the sea. This importance stems from the fact that seas have long provided nations and states with a wide range of uses, including maritime trade, navigation, and access to both living...Read More
What Is Share Vesting? Granting shares and value to individuals whose level of contribution or effort does not align with the equity allocated is one of the most common and significant mistakes made by startup founders and business owners in the early stages of their ventures. This issue often leads to serious problems within the...Read More
Overdue Alimony and Methods of Payment Payment of alimony is one of the legal obligations imposed on a husband toward his wife following the registration of a permanent marriage. Alimony refers to the costs of living and maintenance of the wife, including food, clothing, household necessities, healthcare, and related living expenses, which the husband is...Read More
False Accusation of Adultery or Sodomy and Its Punishment From a linguistic perspective, the term Qazf means throwing or casting. In Islamic jurisprudence, it is classified as one of the Hudud crimes and refers to accusing another person of adultery or sodomy, even if the accused person is deceased. In other words, when an individual...Read More
INTERPOL Institution Its Jurisdiction and Functions INTERPOL is an international institution that plays one of the most important roles in global security and law enforcement. This organization, commonly known as the International Criminal Police Organization or the International Police, operates within a defined legal framework and exercises specific international competencies subject to established rules and...Read More
Jointly Owned Property and Partitioned Property The term jointly owned, in its general meaning, refers to property that is undivided and held in common. This concept is most frequently applied to land and real estate. In legal terminology, jointly owned property refers to an asset or real estate that is owned by two or more...Read More
The Concept of a Brokerage Agreement and the Duties of a Broker The term broker, in its literal meaning, refers to an intermediary, agent, or commercial middleman. In legal and commercial terminology, a broker or intermediary is a person or entity that facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers by providing the necessary conditions for their...Read More
