Cooperative Companies Cooperatives represent modern forms of cooperation and have been established in many countries by various social groups for diverse purposes. Cooperative companies are one of the seven types of companies recognized under the Iranian Commercial Code. The purpose of this text is to examine the activities of cooperative companies and to clarify their...Read More

International Commercial Contracts and Their Applications With the expansion and development of international commercial and economic relations, the conclusion of international commercial contracts between natural and legal persons has become increasingly common. These contracts may be entered into with parties located outside the country, in which case they are classified as international contracts. A key...Read More

Wills and Testaments in Iranian Law Today, a very large number of civil claims and criminal complaints are directly or indirectly related to matters of wills and inheritance. This situation reflects a general lack of awareness and insufficient public attention to this important legal subject.Read More

Property Deeds and Their Types With the expansion of human transactions and the increasing purchase and sale of real estate, the execution of official property deeds has become increasingly important. Under the Registration Law, the government recognizes and legally acknowledges only those individuals whose names are recorded in an official deed as the owner. Pursuant...Read More

Grounds for the Extinction of Punishment In certain circumstances, the prosecution and punishment of offenders may be terminated due to specific legal reasons. In such cases, the law allows for the suspension of prosecution or the non-enforcement of punishment. This text examines the legal grounds for extinguishing punishment under the Iranian Penal Code.Read More

Filing a Complaint Against the Municipality The legislature has provided special protection for individuals’ rights against powerful public bodies, including municipalities and the government. It has also established appropriate legal mechanisms to challenge the decisions and actions of governmental entities and municipalities, as well as specific procedures for enforcing judgments against them. Therefore, if damage...Read More

Contract of Sale A sale is one of the nominate contracts under civil law through which one person transfers a property to another in exchange for consideration. In practice, the seller transfers ownership of the property to the buyer in return for payment, and the buyer pays the agreed price to the seller in exchange...Read More

Operation of General Partnership Companies Commercial companies facilitate a wide range of industrial, service, and financial activities in an era of globalized trade. Upon registration, companies acquire legal personality and, as a result, possess both rights and obligations. Among the types of companies recognized under Iranian Commercial Law are general partnership companies, which are established...Read More

Types of Theft and Their Punishments زvarious reasons. It is classified as a crime against property and ownership. Just as the human body is regarded as inviolable, personal property must also be protected by both society and the state. Pursuant to Article 267 of the Islamic Penal Code, theft is defined as the unlawful taking...Read More

Conditions Incorporated into the Marriage Contract Marriage is a contractual relationship between a man and a woman. Upon the conclusion of this contract, the parties may include additional conditions alongside obligations imposed by law and agreed to by mutual consent. These conditions are known as conditions incorporated into the marriage contract. They are valid provided...Read More