Confession and Its Conditions From a linguistic perspective, confession means to establish or affirm something or someone in a particular place. Pursuant to Article 1259 of the Iranian Civil Code, confession is defined as informing of a right in favor of another person to one’s own detriment. In essence, the literal and legal meanings of...Read More

Objection to Municipal Fees and Charges One of the most important sources of revenue for municipalities is municipal service fees. These charges include waste disposal fees, renovation charges, fuel-related charges, building permit issuance fees, passenger transportation charges within the country, and similar items. In linguistic terms, the word “charges” refers to an occurrence or event...Read More

International Atomic Energy Agency During the 1950s, the idea of establishing a global organization dedicated to the peaceful, nonmilitary use of atomic energy was proposed. The foundations of this organization were laid following a proposal by Dwight D. Eisenhower, then President of the United States. As a result, in December 1954, the United Nations General...Read More

How Does Breach of Trust Involving a Cheque Occur? A guarantee cheque or an entrusted cheque is delivered to another person in order to gain the trust of the other party or to ensure the proper performance of a transaction by the cheque issuer. Breach of trust involving a cheque occurs when an individual provides...Read More

Hoarding and Its Punishment In today’s society, amid increasing social challenges and economic crises, assisting fellow citizens can help reduce the hardships they face. However, there are always individuals who disrupt the supply of goods, exploit prevailing circumstances for personal gain, and disturb public order. In some cases, such conduct may even endanger public health...Read More

Fraud and Its Punishment Fraud is defined as unlawfully obtaining another person’s property through deceptive acts and with malicious intent. Accordingly, the use of fraudulent methods and the victim’s deception are essential elements of the crime of fraud. A person described as a fraudster must have engaged in deceptive conduct. In practice, the element of...Read More

Legal Adjustment of Rent For more than four decades, the Iranian legislator has addressed the issue of rent adjustment. Nevertheless, this matter has unfortunately been limited to commercial properties and does not extend to residential properties. In recent years and in previous decades, society has consistently experienced rising rental rates alongside inflation. Although this rise...Read More

Objection to an Arbitral Award In most cases, after a dispute arises, individuals file a claim before the competent court so that the court may adjudicate the matter and issue a judgment. Under the applicable laws, there is another mechanism for dispute resolution that has historically received less public attention. However, due to its advantages,...Read More

Mixed Companies In certain situations, companies decide to merge and form a new type of business entity. In such cases, a capital-based company and a general partnership combine to form a mixed company. As a result, one or more general partners and one or more limited liability partners participate in the company, each holding a...Read More

Commercial Contracts and How to Draft Them In today’s vast and competitive world of commerce, only those individuals and businesses that possess sufficient knowledge of the laws and principles governing commercial contracts and properly apply them in their professional relationships are able to achieve lasting success.Read More