National Identification Number of a Company With population growth and the expansion of information systems, access to accurate, reliable data has become increasingly complex. For this reason, specific codes have been introduced to facilitate access to information and records. For natural persons, this code is known as the national identification number. A similar concept applies...Read More

Eviction Judgment and Its Difference from an Eviction Order In disputes between tenants and landlords, terms such as “eviction judgment” and “eviction order” are commonly used. Many individuals, due to insufficient legal knowledge and unfamiliarity with legal principles, assume that these terms have the same meaning. From a legal perspective, however, these two concepts are...Read More

The Difference Between Arbitration and Mediation Arbitration and mediation have gained significant attention in recent years, and their scope of application continues to expand. In many situations, a natural or legal person may become involved in a dispute with the other party to a contract and seek a faster and less costly method of dispute...Read More

Types of Employment Contracts and Their Conditions One of the most important issues in the business world is contract use. Each type of contract has specific characteristics depending on the nature of the activity involved. Individuals operating in the labor market are therefore required to possess adequate knowledge of employment contracts and their legal implications.Read More

Cooperative Companies Cooperatives represent modern forms of cooperation and have been established in many countries by various social groups for diverse purposes. Cooperative companies are one of the seven types of companies recognized under the Iranian Commercial Code. The purpose of this text is to examine the activities of cooperative companies and to clarify their...Read More

International Commercial Contracts and Their Applications With the expansion and development of international commercial and economic relations, the conclusion of international commercial contracts between natural and legal persons has become increasingly common. These contracts may be entered into with parties located outside the country, in which case they are classified as international contracts. A key...Read More

Wills and Testaments in Iranian Law Today, a very large number of civil claims and criminal complaints are directly or indirectly related to matters of wills and inheritance. This situation reflects a general lack of awareness and insufficient public attention to this important legal subject.Read More

Property Deeds and Their Types With the expansion of human transactions and the increasing purchase and sale of real estate, the execution of official property deeds has become increasingly important. Under the Registration Law, the government recognizes and legally acknowledges only those individuals whose names are recorded in an official deed as the owner. Pursuant...Read More

Grounds for the Extinction of Punishment In certain circumstances, the prosecution and punishment of offenders may be terminated due to specific legal reasons. In such cases, the law allows for the suspension of prosecution or the non-enforcement of punishment. This text examines the legal grounds for extinguishing punishment under the Iranian Penal Code.Read More

Filing a Complaint Against the Municipality The legislature has provided special protection for individuals’ rights against powerful public bodies, including municipalities and the government. It has also established appropriate legal mechanisms to challenge the decisions and actions of governmental entities and municipalities, as well as specific procedures for enforcing judgments against them. Therefore, if damage...Read More