Contract of Sale A sale is one of the nominate contracts under civil law through which one person transfers a property to another in exchange for consideration. In practice, the seller transfers ownership of the property to the buyer in return for payment, and the buyer pays the agreed price to the seller in exchange...Read More

Operation of General Partnership Companies Commercial companies facilitate a wide range of industrial, service, and financial activities in an era of globalized trade. Upon registration, companies acquire legal personality and, as a result, possess both rights and obligations. Among the types of companies recognized under Iranian Commercial Law are general partnership companies, which are established...Read More

Types of Theft and Their Punishments زvarious reasons. It is classified as a crime against property and ownership. Just as the human body is regarded as inviolable, personal property must also be protected by both society and the state. Pursuant to Article 267 of the Islamic Penal Code, theft is defined as the unlawful taking...Read More

Conditions Incorporated into the Marriage Contract Marriage is a contractual relationship between a man and a woman. Upon the conclusion of this contract, the parties may include additional conditions alongside obligations imposed by law and agreed to by mutual consent. These conditions are known as conditions incorporated into the marriage contract. They are valid provided...Read More

Public and Private Joint Stock Companies With the advancement of modern urban life and the expansion of economic activities, individuals increasingly seek to pursue profit and collective interests through cooperation. Over time, this approach led to the formalization of such cooperation through contracts and the establishment of companies. Once registered, companies acquire legal personality. As...Read More

The Effect of Repentance in Criminal Offenses With the passage of time and the increase in the commission of various crimes, the imposition of criminal punishment has become increasingly necessary. The primary objective of punishment is the rehabilitation of offenders and the prevention of recidivism. To uphold fairness and justice, the law distinguishes between an...Read More

Certificate of Inheritance Under the Iranian Civil Code and prevailing legal practice, the estate of a deceased person, including all assets and property of economic value left behind, is transferred to the legal heirs upon death. In matters relating to the distribution of the estate, the will of the deceased is also legally relevant. A...Read More

Settlement and Compromise in Legal Disputes Because human society is inherently characterized by conflict and tension, individuals must refer their disputes to an authority capable of adjudicating between them fairly and justly. This authority is the judiciary, whose primary function is resolving disputes and issuing judicial decisions. Although the general and traditional role of courts...Read More

Third-Party Objection Lawsuit Although court judgments are generally presumed to be fair and issued in compliance with all legal and statutory standards, the law grants litigants the right to challenge judicial decisions. This is because the possibility of error in issuing judgments or the discovery of new facts always exists and may result in a...Read More

Illegal Marriages In Iranian law, marriage is recognized as a social institution that gives rise to numerous legal and civil effects. From a religious perspective, marriage is also highly commendable and carries significant spiritual and moral consequences. Accordingly, avoiding marriage and abandoning this institution have been criticized, and remaining single in circumstances where abstention from...Read More