Judicial Decisions Issued by Courts All cases brought before the courts are examined, and a judicial decision is issued in each case. Decisions issued by courts take the form of judgments and orders. Questions often arise regarding these two types of decisions, such as what distinguishes a judgment from an order and under what circumstances...Read More

International Registration of Ships Until a ship is registered, it is no different from an ordinary object. What gives legal identity to this otherwise unidentified object is ship registration, which is regarded as a legal act. International instruments, including the 1958 and 1982 conventions, have established rules governing ship registration. In practice, it is generally...Read More

Options and Their Types Under the Civil Code Today, many individuals conduct their activities pursuant to contracts. One of the essential requirements for concluding any contract is adherence to its terms and fulfillment of the obligations arising from it. The importance of compliance with contracts is so significant that it has been expressly addressed in...Read More

Stages of Ship Registration After understanding the legal regulations governing various types of ship registration under the Iranian legal system, it is necessary to examine the procedure for such registration.Read More

Claim for Compelling Performance of Contractual Obligations When a contract is concluded between two parties, each expects the obligations arising from it to be properly performed. In fact, the execution of contractual obligations constitutes the primary and most essential purpose of entering into a contract. If one party fails to comply with its obligations, the...Read More

Possession of Jointly Owned Property Members of society continuously engage in work and effort to benefit from available resources, acquire property, and address related legal matters. When an individual becomes the owner of a property, they are legally entitled to exercise possession of it, and no other person may lawfully deprive them of it. In...Read More

Temporary Registration of Ships Under the Iranian Maritime System As a general rule, ships are registered permanently within the registry of a given state. Temporary registration is an exception intended to address specific operational needs. Under the Iranian maritime framework, this exception is addressed in Articles 16 and 18 of the Iranian Maritime Code enacted...Read More

Arbitration in Contracts Today, interactions in society are frequently structured through various contracts in economic, political, social, and other fields. In general, contracts obligate parties to comply with specific terms, to perform certain acts, or to refrain from certain acts. At times, a contractual obligor may intentionally or unintentionally fail to perform its obligations, thereby...Read More

Factors Influencing the Choice of a Ship Registration System Selecting a ship registration system is often regarded as one of the most important concerns for shipowners. Because states that provide registration services can derive substantial revenue from such systems, intense competition has emerged over the scope and variety of services offered. A shipowner must make...Read More

What Is an Irrevocable Divorce? Divorce is the dissolution of a permanent marriage and is generally classified into two categories: revocable and irrevocable. Irrevocable divorce has several forms. Unlike a revocable divorce, in an irrevocable divorce, the husband has no right to resume the marriage during the waiting period. The types of irrevocable divorce vary...Read More