Recovery of Gifts Between Spouses After Divorce In Iranian law, the act of giving a gift is addressed under the legal concept of donation, known as Hibah. A donation refers to the transfer of ownership of property from one person to another. Although gifting is primarily an emotional act, it is also considered a legal...Read More

Do Vacant Apartment Units Have an Obligation to Pay Building Charges? In recent years, apartment living has grown rapidly. Due to population growth and the corresponding shortage of urban space, people have increasingly turned to apartment living, making it an unavoidable reality. Although apartment living offers numerous advantages, it can also pose various legal and...Read More

What Is a Promissory Note A promissory note is considered a non-cash payment instrument under which the issuer undertakes to pay a specified sum of money, either on a fixed and definite date or without a date, payable on demand or to the order of a specific person or to the order of another designated...Read More

Types of Divorce Divorce refers to the legal termination of a marital relationship and the formal separation of spouses. The term “divorce” derives from the Latin meaning “release” and “liberation.” Under the Civil Code, the right to divorce is vested in men. Accordingly, Article 1133 of the Civil Code provides that a man may divorce...Read More

Lease with Option to Ownership As is widely recognized, one of the main concerns of people today is securing housing and achieving home ownership despite high property prices and limited financial capacity. Given the generally low income and insufficient capital, a lease with an option to purchase is a lawful and valid agreement that enables...Read More

Is It Possible to Change One’s Registered First Name? As is well known, when a child is born, choosing an appropriate name is both a right and a duty of the parents or legal guardians. It is extremely important that the selected name be one with which the individual is satisfied, that it does not...Read More

What Is Fraud in Marriage? As is well known, marriage is one of the most important, sensitive, and decisive events in a person’s life. Therefore, when individuals decide to marry, they should devote sufficient time, care, and effort to properly know the other party in order to make the best possible choice. One problem that...Read More

Land and Building Given the breadth of today’s real estate market, understanding key principles of property transactions is essential to prevent potential problems and increase public awareness.Read More

What Is Inheritance Tax and Which Parts of a Deceased Person’s Estate Are Subject to It? It is widely recognized that taxation is one of the most important sources of government revenue. There are various types of taxes, including the inheritance tax. This type of tax, which has received significant attention in recent years, is...Read More

Endowment Property Deeds People usually create endowments for various purposes. The most common endowments are for charitable and benevolent objectives, such as building hospitals, schools, or other projects intended by the endower. The person responsible for managing and administering an endowed property is called the trustee. Under Iranian law, there are two types of endowment:...Read More