Carrier Liability for Cargo in Maritime Transport Under Iranian commercial principles, the Hamburg Rules, and widely accepted international maritime practice, a shipping company acting as the maritime carrier is generally required to deliver the shipped cargo to the destination in a safe and sound condition and within the agreed timeframe. The carrier’s responsibility covers the...Read More

What Is a BLC Contract? A BLC contract, commonly understood as a Buyer’s Letter of Credit, is among the most widely used financial and commercial instruments in international trade. In essence, it is a written undertaking issued by the buyer’s bank under which the bank commits to pay the seller upon presentation of the documents...Read More

Seafarers in International Law Seafarers, as part of the international workforce in the maritime transport industry, have a distinctive legal status under international instruments. Under conventions and standards developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), seafarers are recognized as workers entitled to specific protections, including job security, medical care,...Read More

Damaged Cargo in Transport Law Damaged cargo in transportation refers to any goods or packaging that, during carriage from origin to destination, suffer physical damage, spoilage, breakage, leakage, deformation, contamination, or total or partial loss. From a legal standpoint, Article 386 of the Iranian Commercial Code holds the carrier responsible for preserving the cargo in...Read More

Ship Arrest in Iranian Law Ship arrest is the act of preventing a vessel from continuing its operations at sea or in port and placing it under physical detention by competent authorities. Under Iranian law, ship arrest may arise in civil, commercial, or criminal contexts. It may be ordered due to outstanding debts, breach of...Read More

Passenger Rights in Maritime Travel Under the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, passengers in maritime travel have identifiable and enforceable rights. These rights are intended to protect a passenger’s life, property, comfort, and human dignity, and they are addressed in various provisions of the Iranian Maritime Law (adopted in 1964, as amended)....Read More

Perishable Goods in Transport Law Perishable goods are products that may spoil, deteriorate, or lose quality if specific storage and handling conditions are not observed. Such goods commonly include foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, flowers and plants, and certain sensitive chemical materials. In transport practice, these goods typically require controlled temperature, appropriate humidity, and precise scheduling. Failure to...Read More

Delay in Cargo Transportation Under Iranian law, a delay in transportation occurs when the carrier fails to deliver the cargo within the agreed time. Article 386 of the Iranian Commercial Code obligates the carrier to deliver the goods to the destination within the specified time. If it fails to do so, it will be liable...Read More

Marine Cargo Insurance Marine cargo insurance is a form of commercial insurance under which the insurer undertakes, in exchange for a premium, to indemnify potential losses to goods transported by sea in accordance with the policy terms. Pursuant to Article 1 of the Iranian Insurance Act (enacted in 1937), insurance is a contract whereby one...Read More

Court Fees in Real Estate Lawsuits Under Article 503 of the Civil Procedure Code, court fees are initially borne by the claimant, meaning the party who files the petition. These costs include the filing fee, stamp duties, and expenses associated with the initial stage of proceedings. In monetary claims, including most real estate disputes, court...Read More