Transactions Intended to Evade Debt Today, with the expansion of commercial relationships between natural and legal persons and the increased possibility of fraud and misuse of another’s property, cases involving debt evasion have become more prevalent. One significant issue in transactional law concerns the avoidance of debt repayment through the conclusion of alternative transactions for...Read More

Bank Privatization Many years ago, individuals sought a secure place to safeguard their assets and felt the absence of such an institution. Over time, with the establishment of banks as institutions for holding money and conducting economic transactions, a new era emerged in government financial systems. The roots of the banking system in Iran date...Read More

Temporary Marriage and the Principles of Inheritance Therein Since the beginning of human existence, due to the presence of sexual instinct and human awareness of reproduction and procreation, marriage has become a customary and accepted institution. Throughout human history, the union of a man and a woman has consistently been governed by law, customs, contractual...Read More

Smart Contracts Today, the expansion of financial transactions and the growth of electronic commerce have led to the development of new frameworks for interparty agreements in international trade. Technological advancement has introduced new instruments into the financial system. In modern societies, there is a growing emphasis on concluding contracts that are executed in the simplest...Read More

Trademark Infringement In order to understand the concept of trademark infringement, it is first necessary to define a trademark. A trademark or commercial mark is a visible sign through which the products or services of a business entity or legal commercial person can be distinguished from those of others. It is essential that such a...Read More

What Do You Know About a Shop Goodwill Settlement Agreement? A goodwill settlement agreement is one of the recognized types of settlement contracts used for the transfer or settlement of goodwill rights related to a commercial property. A goodwill settlement agreement is a valid and legally binding contract that evidences the transfer of goodwill rights...Read More

Recovery of Gifts Between Spouses After Divorce In Iranian law, the act of giving a gift is addressed under the legal concept of donation, known as Hibah. A donation refers to the transfer of ownership of property from one person to another. Although gifting is primarily an emotional act, it is also considered a legal...Read More

Do Vacant Apartment Units Have an Obligation to Pay Building Charges? In recent years, apartment living has expanded at a very rapid pace. Due to population growth and the corresponding limitation of urban space, people have increasingly turned to apartment living, and it has become an unavoidable reality. Although apartment living offers numerous advantages, it...Read More

What Is a Promissory Note A promissory note is considered a non cash payment instrument under which the issuer undertakes to pay a specified sum of money, either on a fixed and definite date or without a date, payable on demand or to the order of a specific person or to the order of another...Read More

Types of Divorce Divorce refers to the legal termination of a marital relationship and the formal separation of spouses. The term “divorce” derives from the Latin meaning “release” and “liberation.” Under the Civil Code, the right to divorce is vested in men. Accordingly, Article 1133 of the Civil Code provides that a man may divorce...Read More