Criminal and Civil Checks Among various financial instruments, the check has long been one of the most widely used means of payment in commercial transactions. Criminal and civil checks can be distinguished by their respective legal characteristics. In modern transactions, parties often prefer a check that is criminally enforceable so that, in the event of...Read More
What Is a Gift (Hibah)? Throughout history, various cultural and social traditions have existed, and generosity and giving have always been regarded as among the most valued human virtues. These traditions have consistently been endorsed by scholars, jurists, and thinkers. Accordingly, both law and jurisprudence have addressed a specific type of contract founded on the...Read More
Option of Lesion (Ghabn) in Transactions Throughout history, individuals have continuously engaged in transactions of various forms and subject matters, and in some cases, one party may suffer loss as a result of a transaction. The science of law, by granting certain rights and options to contracting parties, seeks to reduce losses arising from transactions....Read More
Contractual Damages Maintaining order and balance within society, as well as respecting agreements and commitments between individuals, constitutes one of the primary reasons for the necessity of compensating damages arising from the failure to perform contractual or legal obligations. In essence, fulfilling an obligation undertaken by an individual entails moral, social, legal, and even ethical...Read More
Estate in Inheritance Inheritance, as one of the fundamental legal events, has always been a subject of legal discussion. Upon a person’s death, their property is transferred by operation of law from the decedent to the heirs. The term “estate” refers to the property left by a decedent and is a legal concept derived from religious and...Read More
Action for Dissolution of a Limited Liability Company In today’s world, with the advancement and expansion of developments affecting urban life, individuals increasingly seek to achieve greater profits and benefits through collective efforts. Over time, people have pursued their objectives by formalizing cooperation through contracts and establishing companies. Once registered, companies acquire legal personality and,...Read More
Issuance of a Bankruptcy Judgment In the modern era, commerce has become a highly significant and complex field. One of the most important and widely discussed topics in commercial law is the bankruptcy of merchants and the liquidation of matters relating to them. A merchant’s inability to pay debts can disrupt many aspects of commercial...Read More
Dual Nationality The place of birth, nationality, and individuals’ relationship with the state throughout their lives have long been subjects of analysis and debate in law and international law. In international law, nationality refers to the political and social allegiance of a natural or legal person to a particular state. Nationality encompasses various relationships, including...Read More
Commercial Companies and the Importance of Their Registration In the era of globalization of commercial exchanges, commercial companies facilitate a wide range of industrial, service, and financial activities. In Iran, the establishment and registration of companies can also be analyzed within this framework. Pursuant to the Commercial Code, such companies enjoy legal personality, which grants...Read More
Action for Recovery of Possession (Eviction of Unlawful Possessor) Ownership of immovable property has always been a significant issue in human life. In matters relating to ownership, it may occur that a person unlawfully takes possession of another individual’s immovable property. If the lawful owner seeks to recover possession of the property and end the...Read More
