Oil and Gas Contracts Contracts in the oil and gas industry are typically concluded through a structured process. Initially, project plans and technical specifications are prepared, followed by the publication of tender documents. Contractors are then invited to participate in the bidding process. After reviewing contractors’ qualifications and evaluating their proposals, the preferred contractor is...Read More

States in International Law States are the primary subjects of international law. The principles of international law arise from relations between states, either through state practice forming customary international law or through international agreements and treaties. States may appear as parties to contentious proceedings before the International Court of Justice. A state may bring a...Read More

General Average in Maritime Law A ship engaged in the carriage of goods by sea is exposed to numerous maritime risks. When a vessel and its cargo are in danger of destruction or severe damage, the ship’s master may intentionally take certain measures to preserve the interests of the cargo owners and the shipowner. For...Read More

An Overview of the Effects of Violating Sports Regulations and Conduct Every sport is governed by established rules and specific regulations. In international competitions, sports federations generally formulate and enforce rules and standards governing athletes, referees, and coaches in their respective sports. In cases where codified rules do not exist, a judge may rely on...Read More

Methods for Annulment of an Enforcement Order One of the legal mechanisms applied by courts or registration authorities to recover the claimant’s rights from the defendant is the issuance of an enforcement order. Through this order, the assets of the judgment debtor are seized up to the amount of the claim, and the process of...Read More

Action for Establishing the Existence of a Permanent Marriage One of the issues frequently raised in family law disputes is the action for establishing the existence of a permanent marriage, which may be filed and pursued before the Family Court. The purpose of this text is to address questions commonly raised in relation to proving...Read More

Registration and Licensing Procedures for Holding Companies Pursuant to the definitions approved by the Securities and Exchange Organization in 2007, the registration process is carried out as follows. In the registration of holding companies, two key points are particularly important. If the term “Holding” appears before the principal name of the company, the relevant license...Read More

Facilities Granted Through Muzara’ah and Istisna’ The term Muzara’ah is derived from cultivation and refers to the joint farming activity carried out by two or more parties. Pursuant to Article 518 of the Civil Code, under a Muzara’ah contract, one party grants land to another party for a specified period so that the latter cultivates...Read More

Maritime Claims and the Conditions for Ship Arrest In other maritime law texts, a definition of a maritime claim has been provided without expressly enumerating its specific instances.Read More

Suspended Sentence The court issuing a judgment is authorized to suspend the execution of all or part of a sentence or punishment in relation to discretionary crimes classified from degree three to degree eight. The prosecutor and the convicted person may request the suspension of the punishment after one-third of the sentence has been served....Read More