Sports Law and Sports Ethics Ethics consists of a set of rules that are necessary for achieving moral and human perfection. Ethics functions as an individual code of conduct in life, and its enforcement is supported primarily by moral conscience, ethical character, and, in some cases, the fear of social reaction. In contrast, legal rules...Read More

Maritime Liens Maritime liens are the legal concepts denoted by the terms Maritime Lien and Droits Privilégiés, which are used, respectively, in the maritime law systems of Anglo-Saxon countries and in France, as well as in countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland whose maritime law is derived from French maritime law. In codified legal systems, privileged rights are...Read More

Prevention of Payment Under a Bank Guarantee When the beneficiary submits a demand for payment under an unconditional bank guarantee, the bank is, in principle, obliged to pay the guaranteed amount immediately. The bank is not entitled to request explanations or justifications from the beneficiary, nor may it examine the manner of performance or possible...Read More

Criminalization of Various Forms of Harassment Against Women One of the recurring factors undermining public security and social tranquility is the occurrence of socially inappropriate and abnormal conduct. For this reason, the law has prescribed criminal sanctions for certain forms of conduct to prevent their repetition in society. Harassment of women constitutes one of these...Read More

Set Off and Its Legal Considerations One legal situation that may arise for individuals is when a person is simultaneously a debtor to another party and a creditor of the same party. In such circumstances, the two opposing obligations may be extinguished against one another, resulting in a set off. One of the essential requirements...Read More

The Difference Between Holding Companies and Corporate Mergers Pursuant to Article 111 of the Amendment to the Direct Taxation Law enacted in 2001, as well as Item 16 of Article 1 of the Law Amending Certain Provisions of the Fourth Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Implementation...Read More

Amendments to the Laws Governing Bearer Checks A check is a financial instrument used for present purchases and for payment at a future date and is recognized as one of the most important commercial instruments. The practical use of a check becomes apparent when a person intends to purchase goods or services and defers payment...Read More

Installment Sale Financing Facilities Sale, which is legally referred to as bay‘, is one of the lawful forms of transactions and consists of the transfer of ownership of property by the seller to the buyer in exchange for a consideration paid by the buyer. A sale is defined as the transfer of ownership of a...Read More

Transfer of Rights and Obligations Contained in a Bill of Lading Under common law, contracts were traditionally not transferable. As a result, the transfer of a bill of lading with the intention of transferring ownership of the goods could not, by itself, transfer the rights and obligations arising from the contract of carriage. Such a...Read More

Types of Visas for Immigration A visa is an official document by which permission to enter, transit through, or reside in a country is granted to individuals. The issuance of visas is the responsibility of each state with respect to foreign nationals. Granting a visa is generally subject to the payment of prescribed fees and...Read More