Review of International Maritime Conventions International maritime conventions are agreements between states designed to establish uniform standards across various areas of navigation and shipping. These conventions are adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other specialized international bodies, and they become legally effective within a national legal system after final approval and domestic acceptance...Read More
Drafting a Commercial Contract in Plain Language Drafting a commercial contract is a foundational requirement for any economic and professional activity. When there is no clear agreement between the parties, disputes often become extensive and legally complex. A commercial contract, as a formal and binding instrument, defines the parties’ rights and obligations and prevents ambiguity...Read More
What Is the Fault-Based Liability Principle? The fault-based liability principle provides that when a person, through negligence, lack of due care, or imprudence, causes harm to another, that person must be held accountable and must compensate the injured party. In Iranian law, this principle is reflected in multiple provisions of the Civil Code, including Articles...Read More
Incorrect Labeling Under Iranian Law In Iranian legal terminology, labeling refers to the placement of information on goods. A label may include product specifications, the name of the manufacturer or importer, production and expiry dates, storage conditions, ingredients, safety warnings, and required regulatory approvals. Incorrect labeling arises when the information stated on the product does...Read More
The Legal Status of a Ship Captain Under Iranian Law Under Iran’s maritime legal framework, the captain (master of the vessel) is regarded as the highest executive authority on board and is generally considered the owner’s representative at sea. The captain enjoys specific statutory powers while bearing substantial legal responsibilities expressly recognized by law. The...Read More
Freight Forwarder and Carrier in Transportation Law Within the transportation law framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran, drawing a precise and methodical distinction between freight forwarding and carriage is of substantial importance. Each concept carries distinct legal implications and directly affects contract drafting, liability allocation, and the handling of transportation-related disputes. Freight forwarding, commonly...Read More
Filing a Complaint Against a Transportation Company Under the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, a customer or passenger may file a complaint whenever a transportation company fails to comply with its contractual or statutory obligations. Such failures may include delay in performance, damage to or loss of cargo, improper conduct by staff, charging...Read More
Arbitration Agreement in a Transportation Contract In international transportation contracts (road, sea, or air), the first step toward resolving disputes through arbitration is to include a clear and well-drafted arbitration agreement in the contract of carriage. This clause should specify the governing law (for example, the laws of Iran or the UNCITRAL framework), the arbitral...Read More
Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Sea Under Iranian maritime legislation and applicable international rules, dangerous goods are items that, if carried improperly, may cause harm to human life, pollution of the marine environment, or damage to the vessel. For the lawful carriage of such goods, the cargo interest must declare the hazardous nature of the...Read More
Freight Forwarder in Iranian Law A freight forwarder is a person who, on behalf of the consignor, undertakes the coordination, organization, and execution of the transportation of goods. This role may involve arranging carriage in-house or outsourcing it to third-party carriers. In Iranian law, the freight forwarder’s function may be analyzed primarily under the general...Read More
